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BIOLOGY 


Digitized  by  tine  Internet  Arcliive 

in  2011  witli  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


http://www.archive.org/details/synopsisoflichenOOtuck 


SYNOPSIS 

OF 

THE    LICHENES 

OF  NEW  ENGLAND,  THE  OTHER  NORTHERN  STATES, 
AND   BRITISH  AMERICA. 


BY  EDWARD   TUCKERMAN,  A.M. 

FELLOW  OF  THE  AMERICAN  ACADEMY   OF  ARTS   AND  SCIENCES  ;    CORRESPONDING 

MEMBER   OF   THE    BOTANICAL  SOCIETY  OF   EDINBURGH,    AND   OF  THE 

ROYAL    BOTANICAL  SOCIETY   OF   RATISBON. 


CAMBRIDGE  : 
GEORGE    NICHOLS, 

BOOKSELLER   TO   THE   UNIVERSITY. 

1848. 


CAMBRIDGE: 
METCALF      AND      COMPANY, 

PRINTERS  TO  THE  UNIVEaSITY. 


^^  -t-^^^A• 


.^ 


PREFACE 


-r 

A^       The  study  of  any  group  of  plants,  with  a  view  to  the  true 

relations  of  the  species  brought  together  in  it,  and  their  real  his- 

^   tory,  requires  the  investigation  of  a  great  number  of  individual 

^  states,  and  this  often  through  a  series  of  years.     And  there  is, 

-"S  perhaps,  no  family  of  plants  in  which  extensive  and  continuous 

^    observation  is  more  important  than  in  the  Lichenes.     The  present 

work  is  prepared,  therefore,  only  as  an  Index  and  Introduction 

3-to   the   history   of  the   plants   described  in  it  ;    and  it  has   been 

^  my  object  rather  to  state  results  of  foreign  study,  than  to  offer 

the    necessarily    imperfect    conclusions    of  my   own    limited    re- 

\5"  search.     Use  has   constantly  been  made  of  the  Lichenographia 

"  Europma  Reformata  of  Fries,  whose  characters  of  the  sections 

■^  and  genera  I  have,  for  the   most  part,  adopted  entire,  or  with 

\—  only  occasional  amplification  ;    and  the  profound  descriptions  of 

the  Lichenographia,  as  here   applied   to   our  species,   constitute 

almost  the  whole  descriptive  value  of  the   present  enumeration. 

The  exceptions  to  this  will,   I  hope,  meet  with  the   indulgence 

which  the  extreme  difficulty  of  any  inquiries  in  a  field  as  much 

neglected  as  this  has  been,  among  us,  seems  to  demand.* 

*  The  later  works  of  Fries  have  also  been  consulted,  and,  beside  these,  prin- 
cipally those  of  Turner  &  I3orrcr,  Eschweiler,  and  Schsrer,  and,  for  American 


*:>ci«>«.^  a 


IV  PREFACE. 

The  geographical  hmits  of  the  work  include  the  countries 
generally  north  of  40^  N.  lat.  ;  but  only  occasional  reference  has 
been  made  to  those  regions  of  Arctic  America  which  do  not 
belong  to  the  British  possessions,  and  I  have  had,  also,  less 
re|ard  to  the  extreme  southern  boundary,  which  is  everywhere 
characterized  by  the  appearance  of  southern  species.  The  great- 
er, or  more  northern,  portion  of  this  district  is  naturally  distinct 
and  similar  throughout,  and  its  Lichenose  vegetation  seems,  in- 
deed, almost  represented  by  that  of  New  England  alone.  It  is 
probable,  however,  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  species  in- 
habitmg  any  part  of  the  district,  if  we  except  its  southwestern 
extremity,  are  described  here. 

For  the  particular  citations  of  New  York  Lichens,  my  princi- 
pal authorities  have  been  the  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  JVew  York 
of  Dr.  Torrey,  1819,  and  the  Synoptical  View  of  the  Lichens  of 
JVeio  York  by  Mr.  Halsey,  1824.  For  citations  of  species  from 
Pennsylvania,  &c.,  besides  Dillenius  (as  revised  in  Fries's  fndex 
Dillenianus)  I  have  been  almost  wholly  indebted  to  the  Catalogue 
of  the  Plants  of  JVorth  America  of  Muhlenberg,  1818,  and  his 
specimens  now  existing  in  that  part  of  the  herbarium  of  Acharius 
which  is  at  Upsal,  as  well  as  in  the  herbaria  of  Willdenow  and 
Floerke  at  Berlm.  For  the  Canadian  and  Newfoundland  Lichens, 
I  have  availed  myself  of  those  described  in  the  Flora  of  ]\Ii- 
chaux,  as  compared  with  the  specimens  in  his  herbarium  at  Paris, 
the  species  enumerated  by  Mr.  De  la  Pylaie  in  his  Voyage  a  Vile 

species  chiefly,  the  Synopsis  and  the  Lichenographia  of  Acharius.  The  termi- 
nology is  wholly  that  of  Fries,  and  its  peculiarity  will  be  found  mostly  to  consist 
in  a  strict  etymological  use  of  the  whole  force  of  the  terms  he  employs.  These 
terms  are,  then,  possibly,  the  best  expressions  of  the  knowledge  they  contain,  and, 
in  this  view,  as  well  worth  studying  as  any  other  part  of  systematic  science,  tlie 
design  of  which  is  to  teach,  not  current  names  for  its  objects,  but  llieir  history. 


PREFACE.  V 

de  Terre-JVeuve,  and  the  specimens  of  those  collected  by  him, 
Mr.  Despreaux,  and  others,  preserved  in  the  Royal  Herbarium 
at  Berlin,  in  that  of  Professor  Kunth,  and  in  those  of  the  late 
Baron  Delessert  and  of  Dr.  Montagne,  at  Paris.  To  the  vast 
herbarium  of  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker  I  am  indebted,  not  only  for 
numerous  Lichens  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland,  but  for  a  large 
collection  of  the  arctic  species  obtained  in  the  different  voyages 
of  Parry,  Franklin,  and  others  ;  and  to  these,  and  his  various 
Enumerations,  together  with  those  of  Mr.  Brown,  Sir  John  Rich- 
ardson, and  Dr.  Greville,  I  owe  most  of  the  arctic  citations. 
The  late  venerable  Mr.  Menzies  also  favoured  me  with  a  nearly 
entire  set  of  the  Lichens  collected  by  him  on  the  Northwest 
Coast  of  America. 

The  genera  separated  from  Lichenes  by  Fries,  and  referred  to 
his  family  Byssacece,  have  not  yet  been  fully  studied  in  this  coun- 
try ;  but  these  plants  are  so  closely  related  to  Lichenes,  that  I 
have  enumerated  our  ascertained  species,  as  an  appendix,  at 
the  end. 

The  present  occasion  does  not  permit  me  to  offer  more  than 
general  acknowledgments  to  the  eminent  botanists  whose  kind 
consideration  has  encouraged  the  progress  of  this  work.  But  I 
cannot  conclude  it  without  expressing  my  indebtedness  to  the 
great  kindness  and  liberality  of  Sir  W.  J.  Hooker,  and  of  Wil- 
liam Borrer,  Esq.,  the  learned  lichenographer  of  Britain  ;  to  my 
much  respected  friend,  Dr.  Klotzsch  of  Berlin,  without  whose 
liberal  assistance  in  the  study  of  the  Floerkean  herbarium  it  could 
not  have  been  undertaken  ;  and  to  my  esteemed  friend  Dr.  Gray, 
at  whose  instance  it  has  been  prepared. 

Cambridge,  i/h  February,   1848. 


LICH^NES. 


Perennial,  aerial  Algse,  vegetating  only  under  the  influence  of  moist- 
ure, which  is  imbibed  by  the  whole  surface,  propagated  by  spores 
(sporidia),  and  also  by  the  cells  (gonidia)  of  the  green  layer. 

Thallus  (universal  receptacle,  Ach.)  composed  of  three  layers,  viz. : 
the  cortical,  the  medullary,  and  the  gonimoiis ;  evolved  from  a  hypo- 
thallus  (the  elementary  state  in  which  the  layers  are  confused,  and  dis- 
cernible afterwards  as  cylindrical  cells,  and  also  as  fibres  on  the  under 
side  of  foliaceous  Lichenes,  and  forming  the  base,  closely  adnate  to  the 
matrix,  in  crustaceous  ones),  typically  horizontal  or  vertical.  The 
horizontal  thallus  is  either  crustaceous  (often  somewhat  lobed  at  the 
circumference  or  squamulose),  or  foliaceous  (becoming  sometimes  in 
degenerate  states  crustaceous).  The  vertical  thallus  is  either  com- 
pressed {suifoUaceous),  or  terete  {fruticulose)  ;  of  both  of  which  the 
Jilamentous  thallus  and  the  pendulous  thallus  are  degenerations.  In 
Cladonia  and  Stereocaulon  a  vertical  thallus  (podetium)  arises  from 
the  primary  horizontal  thallus,  and  is  itself  often  besprinkled  with  a 
kind  of  secondary  horizontal  thallus  in  the  form  of  leaf-like  scales. — 
Lichenes  are  reproduced  in  two  ways  ;  1.  by  gonidia,  the  (normal- 
ly green)  cells  of  the  green  (gonimous)  layer,  which  appear  on  the 
surface  as  irregularly  shaped  powdery  masses  (soredia),  and  propa- 
gate either  on  the  original  thallus,  forming  foliaceous  or  squamulose 
expansions,  or  external  to  the  original  thallus,  forming  new  individ- 
uals of  the  parent  thallus  ;  and  2.  by  sporidia,  consisting  of  sub- 
globose  >or  elliptical  cells,  which  are  either  naked  or  contained  in 
other  elongated  more  or  less  vertical  cells  (asci),  and  immersed  in 
the  ihalaraium  (or  fructification  proper),  and  propagate  new  indiyid- 


4  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

uals  of  the  species.  The  thalamium  is  either  rounded,  gelatinous- 
waxy,  and  tlie  asci  converging  (nucleiform) ;  or  flattened  at  length  into 
a  rigid,  persistent,  or  afterwards  collapsing  lamina  {subdisciform)  ; 
or  originally  disciform  (open);  and  is  itself  contained  in  a  receptacle 
[exciple),  either  of  the  same  color  with  and  like  the  thallus  [thalline 
exciple),  or  of  different  color  and  nature  {proper  exciple).  The  whole 
fructification  constitutes  the  apothecium,  which  is  typically  round,  though 
also  occurring  normally  oblong  and  linear  [lirellaform),  and  is  either 
excavated  with  a  contracted  margin  {urceolate) ;  or  slightly  concave 
with  an  elevated  margin  (scuteUiform) ;  or  very  concave-scutelliform 
{cyalhiform)  ;  or  very  concave-scutelliform  and  pervious  {infundibuli- 
form,  a  term  applied  also  to  the  pervious  cup-bearing  podetia  of  Cla- 
doniae) ;  or  goblet-shaped  and  stipitate  {craleriform) ;  or  dilated,  flat, 
and  without  prominent  margin  {peltcBform,  of  which  the  reniform  is 
a  variation) ;  or  convex  with  repressed  margin  (cephaloid) ;  or  be> 
tween  scuteUiform  and  peltseform  {disciform)  ;  or  between  scuteUi- 
form and  cephaloid  {tuber culate).  When  the  thalline  exciple  is  pro- 
longed below  into  a  footstalk,  it  is  said  to  be  pedicellate ;  a  proper 
exciple  in  like  manner  prolonged  is  said  to  be  stipitate.  When  Ihe 
proper  exciple  is  originally  and  typically  closed,  the  apothecium  re- 
ceives the  name  of  perithecium.  In  the  Angiocarpi  several  thalamia 
are  sometimes  contained  in  the  same  exciple  {composite  apothecia) ; 
and  in  the  Gymnocarpi,  in  like  manner,  several  disks  are  sometinies 
confluent  {symphycarpeous  apothecia).  The  colors  of  the  thallus  in 
Lichenes  are  disposed  by  Fries  in  four  series  :  —  1.  from  pale  green 
becoming  glaucous ;  2.  from  yellowish  green  becoming  ochroleucous ; 
3.  from  dark  green  becoming  fuscous  or  olivaceous ;  4,  from  pale 
yellow-green  becoming  lemon- colored.  Each  series  has  its  peculiar 
variations.  The  glaucous  runs  into  pale  green,  cerulescent,  and 
white  ;  the  fuscous  into  dark  green,  olivaceous,  cinereous,  grayish- 
fuscous,  and  dark  chestnut ;  the  ochroleucous  into  yellowish  green 
and  albescent;  the  lemon-colored  into  pale  yellow,  orange-red,  and 
vermilion-red. 


and  british  america.  o 

Synopsis  of  the  Genera. 

Div.  I.     GYMNOCARPI,   Schrader,  Fries. 

Apothecia  open,  disciferous.  Thalamium  originally  disciform,  or 
becoming  so,  contained  in  a  thalline  exciple  or  a  proper  exciple  ;  disk 
normally  persistent,  ascigerous ;  sometimes  originally  pulveraceous- 
coUapsed. 

Tribe  I.  PARMELIACE^E,  Fr. — Apothecia  rounded,  from  con- 
cave becoming  explanate,  scutelliform,  rarely  peltate.  Disk 
somewhat  waxy,  persistent,  contained  in  a  thalline  exciple. 

Subtribe  1.  Usnee.!;,  Eschw.  —  Disk  open.  Thallus  subvertical,  or 
pendulous-sarmentose,  centripetal,  without  apparent  hypothallus. 

1.  UsNEA.     Apothecia  peltate  ;  thallus  with  a  solid  medullary  layer. 

2.  EvERNiA.     Apothecia  scutelliform  ;   thallus   fistulous,  or  with  a 
cottony  medullary  layer. 

3.  Ramalina.     Apothecia  orbiculate-subpeltate  ;  disk  pale,  of  nearly 
the  same  color  with  the  thallus. 

4.  Ceteaeia.     Apothecia  scutellate-peltate,  oblique. 

Subtribe  2.  Paebielie^;,  Eschw.  —  Disk  at  first  closed,  becoming 
at  length  discoid-open.  Thallus  horizontal,  centrifugal,  with  a 
hypothallus. 

5.  Nephroma.     Apothecia  reniform,  adnate  to  the  lobes  beneath. 

6.  Peltigera.     Apothecia   peltseform,  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of 

the  elongated  lobes. 

7.  SoLORiNA.     Apothecia  adnate  to  the  disk  of  the  thallus. 

8.  Sticta.     Apothecia  scutelliform  ;  thallus  with  cyphellEe,  or  discol- 
ored spots,  on  the  under  side. 

9.  Parmelia.     Apothecia  scutelliform  ;  thallus  without  veins  or  cy- 

phellee  beneath. 

10.  Thelotrema.     Apothecia  urceolate-scutelliform,  a  discrete  inte- 

rior exciple  veiling  a  rigescent  disk. 

11.  Gyalecta.     Apothecia  urceolate,  an  elevated  and  discrete  colored 

margin  bordering  a  nigrescent  disk. 

Tribe  II.  LECIDEACE/E,  Fr.  Apothecia  rounded,  a  persistent 
disk  contained  in  an  open  proper  e.xciple,  which  it  finally  cov- 
ers, and  becomes  convex,  cephaloid,  and  immarginate. 


O  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

12.  STEREOCAnLON.     Apothecia  cephaloid  ;  podetia  mostly  solid. 

13.  Cladonia.     Apothecia  inflated  ;  podetia  fistulous. 

14.  B^OMYCEs.     Apothecia  capitate,  globose,  immarginate,  velate. 

15.  BiATORA.     Apothecia  disciform,  solid,  with   a  \va.xy  (originally 

paler)  exciple.  ,^-r<i.    ._ 

16.  Lecidea.     Apothecia  disciform,  solid,  with  a  carbonaceous,  black 

proper  exciple. 

Tribe  III.  GRAPHIDACEjG,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  of  various  form, 
an  altered  thalline  carbonaceous  proper  exciple,  or  an  originally 
proper  exciple  margining  a  gyrose  and  proliferous-papillate,  or 
canaliculate  disk. 

17.  Umbilicakia.     Apothecia  orbiculate  or  lirellagform  ;  thallus  folia- 

ceous. 

18.  Opegkapha.     Apothecia  lirellseform  ;  thallus  crustaceous. 

19.  Lecanactis.     Apothecia  irregular,  at  first  open,  with  a  pruinose 

thalline  veil. 

Tribe  IV.  CALICIACEjE,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  orbiculate  or  globose, 
always  open,  margined  by  a  proper  exciple,  the  disk  collaps- 
ing into  naked  sporidia  ;  or  immarginate,  and  the  sporidia  ca- 
pituliform-compact. 

20.  Trachylia.     Apothecia  sessile,  innate ;  disk  ascigerous. 

21.  Calicium.     Apothecia  crateriform,  marginate. 

22.  CoNiocYBE.     Apothecia  stipitate,  immarginate. 

Div.  II.     ANGIOCARPI,  Schrader,  Fries. 

Apothecia  closed,  nucleiferous,  pertuse  and  with  an  ostiole,  or  irreg- 
ularly dehiscent ;  the  nucleus  included,  subglobose,  ascigerous. 

Tribe  I.  SPH^ROPHORACE^,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  formed  of  the 
intumescent  apices  of  the  thallus,  closed,  at  length  irregularly 
lacerate-dehiscent.  Nucleus  subglobose.  Thallus  vertical,  fru- 
ticulose. 

23.  SPH.ER0PH0R0N.     Apothecla  terminal,  spherical ;   nucleus  black. 

Tribe  II.  ENDOCARPACE^,  Fr.  —Apothecia  immersed  in  the 
thallus,  globose,  the  thalline  exciple  attenuated  into  a  neck,  and 
terminated  by  a  discrete  heterogeneous  papillceform  ostiole. 
Nucleus  deliquescent.  Thallus  horizontal,  foliaceous  or  crus- 
taceous. 


AND    BRITISH    AUERICA.  7 

24.  Endocakpon.     Apothecia  pale,  included  in  the  foliaceous  thallus. 

25.  Sagedia.     Apothecia  blackish,  immersed  in  the  crustaceous  thallus. 

26.  Pektusaria.     Apothecia  verrucaeform,  with  one  or  more  blackish, 

papillate  ostioles. 

Tribe  III.  VERRUCARIACE.E,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  rounded,  a 
closed  proper  exciple  (perithecium)  becoming  pertuse  with  an 
ostiole,  or  at  length  open.  Nucleus  gelatinous,  subhyaline,  de- 
liquescent.    Thallus  crustaceous. 

27.  CoNOTREMA.     Perithecia  at  length  open  ;  nucleus  subdisciform. 

28.  Verrfcaria.     Perithecia  closed,  with  a  papillseform  or  simply  per- 
tuse ostiole. 

Tribe  IV.  LIMBORIACE^E,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  rounded,  the  carbo- 
naceous proper  exciple  closed,  at  length  variously  dehiscent. 
Nucleus  subceraceous,  rigescent.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

29.  Ptrenothea.     Perithecia  at  length  pertuse,  protruding  the  fatis- 
cent  nucleus. 


Div.  I.     GYMNOCARPI,    Schrad.,   Fr. 

Tribe  I.     PARMELIACE^,  Fr. 

I.  USNEA,  Dili.,  Hoffm. 

Apothecia  rounded,  peltate,  subterminal ;  disk  open,  placed  upon  the 
filamentous  medullary  stratum,  the  margin  mostly  radiate-ciliate.  Thal- 
lus cartilagineous,  at  first  erect,  sufliruliculose,  becoming  with  age  more 
or  less  filamentous  or  pendulous,  the  crustaceous  cortical  stratum  some- 
what separate  from  the  medullary. 

A  genus  universally  diffused;  and  the  first  species  occurring,  in 
one  or  other  of  its  forms,  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  This  spe- 
cies extends  throughout  the  United  States.  U.  homalea,  Tuckerm. 
Enum.  1845,  with  a  softish,  much  compressed,  ancipital,  rugulose,  fas- 
tigiate  and  attenuate-branched  thallus,  and  plane  apothecia,  with  scarce- 
ly elevated,  obtuse  margins,  Ramalina  homalea,  Ach.  Lich.  p.  598, 
was  discovered  on  the  coast  of  California  by  Menzies  !  but  has  not  been 
detected  elsewhere. 


8  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

1.  U.  barbala,  Fr.     Thallus  terete,  irregularly  branched,  at  length 
annulate-cracked,  glaucous  ;  apothecia  almost  immarginate,  radiate 
disk  pale.  Fr.  LicMnogr.  p.  18.  —  ajlorida.  Fr. ;  very  much  branched 
somewhat  scabrous  ;  apoth.  large.  TJ.  Jlorida,  Ach.  —  ,5.  strigosa,  Ach. 
rather  small,  very  thickly  fibrillose-strigose.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  305.  —  y.  ru 
biginea,  Michx. ;  lax,  scabrous,  more  or  less  rusty -red.    U.  Jlorida,var. 
rubiginea,  Michx.  Fl.  2,  p.  332.  —  d.  hirla,  Fr. ;  very  much  branched 
dwarfish,  the  fibrillse  somewhat  elongated,  oftener  verrucose-pulveru 
lent.    U.  hirta,  Hoffm.  —  f .  plicata,  Fr. ;  pendulous,  elongated,  subdi 
chotomous,  entangled,  las,  smoothish,  pale.    V.  plicaia,  Ach.  —  J.  dw 
sypoga,  Fr. ;  pendulous,  elongated,  branches  somewhat  simple,  lateral 
fibres  spreading.    U.  barbata,  Hoffm.    Lichen  barbatus,  L. 

Very  common  ;  a,  /S,  e,  and  J  mostly  on  trees,  the  last  two  less  fre- 
quently fertile ;  S  on  rails,  sterile  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Tor- 
rey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Richardson 
(Franklin's  Narrative,  App.). 

2.  U.  longissima,  Ach.  Th.  pendulous,  filamentous,  terete-com- 
pressed, somewhat  rugulose,  smoothish,  nearly  simple,  pale  glaucous, 
with  appro.ximate,  horizontal,  at  length  tortuous  fibres.  Ach.  Syn.  p. 
307. 

Firs  and  other  trees  on  the  sides,  and  in  swamps  at  the  base,  of  the 
high  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward,  occurring  5  feet  long. 
Infertile,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the  European  Lichen  on  which  the 
species  was  founded.  It  seems,  like  the  last  species,  to  be  very  widely 
diffused  ;  and  I  have,  or  have  seen,  specimens  probably  belonging  to  it, 
from  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  New  Holland.  A  single  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  specimen,  in  my  possession,  is  fertile,  and  has  quite  concave,  ra- 
diate apothecia,  with  somewhat  elevated,  obtuse  margins.  The  earliest 
specimen  that  I  have  seen  is  an  infertile  one  in  the  Berlin  herbarium, 
collected  in  Cappadocia  by  Tournefort. 

3  U.  angulata,  Ach.  Th.  pendulous,  flexuous,  angular,  nearly  sim- 
ple, pale  cinerascent ;  angles  acute,  scabrous  ;  fibres  horizontal,  approx- 
imate, simple,  short,  terete-attenuate.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  307.  Halsey,  Sy- 
nopt.  Vieiv,  in  A7ui.  N.  Y.  Lye.  1,  p.  21. 

Trees,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  !  Ach.  New  York,  Torrcy.  Massachu- 
setts, occurring  4  feet  long,  Halsey.  Spruce  swamps,  Chelmsford, 
Russell ! 

4.  U.  trichodea,  Ach.      Th.  pendulous  (prostrate),  very  delicate 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  y 

and  flexile,  filiform,  smooth,  somewhat  branched,  whitish-pallescent ; 
fibres  horizontal,  scattered,  rather  secund,  flexuous  ;  apoth.  small,  with 
an  elevated,  thin,  entii'e  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  307.  Icon,  Ach.  Meth., 
t.  8,  /.  1. 

Nova  Scotia,  Menzies,  fide  Ach.  Canada,  Herb.  Michaux  !  The 
specimen  in  herb.  Floerk.  !  which  Floerke  supposed  might  be  U.  tri- 
chodea,  Ach.,  is  referred  by  him  to  U.  plicata. 

5.  U.  sphaceJata,  R-  Br.  Th.  erectish,  fruticulose,  the  principal 
branches  ochroleucous,  black-vittate,  smooth,  the  ultimate  ones  attenu- 
ate, black,  all  sorediiferous.    R.  Br.  Suppl.  to  Parry^s  Voy.  p.  307. 

Melville  Island,  R.  Br.  I  have  not  seen  American  specimens,  but  I 
have  received  fine  ones  from  Dr.  Vahl,  collected  by  him  in  Spitzbergen. 

II.     EVERNIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  rounded,  scutelliform,  marginal ;  disk  open,  placed  upon 
the  cottony  medullary  layer,  colored.  Thallus  originally  erect,  te- 
retish-fruticulose  or  compressed-foliaceous  (abnormally  filamentous  or 
pendulous),  within  uniform,  and  either  fistulous,  or  filled  with  the  cot- 
tony medullary  layer. 

The  third  section  of  this  genus  (Physcia)  is  further  represented  in 
the  South  of  Europe  by  three  species  not  as  yet  known  with  us  :  —  E. 
intricata,  Fr.,  with  a  much-branched,  linear,  glaucous  thallus  ;  E.  vil- 
losa,  Fr.,  with  a  villous,  multifid,  glaucous  thallus;  and  E.  flavicans, 
Fr.,  with  a  much  branched,  linear,  bright  yellow  thallus;  of  which 
the  first  and  last  species  attain  to  the  southern  coast  of  England 
(Borrer)  ;  the  first  two  are  found  in  the  Canary  Islands  (Montagne) ; 
the  second  in  Peru  (Acharius)  ;  and  the  last  in  the  West  Indies  (Ach.) 
and  South  America  (Eschweiler).  It  is  possible  that  one  or  more  of 
these  species  may  occur  in  the  Southern  States.  In  the  North,  E.  di- 
varicala,  Ach.,  nearest  to  E.  prunastri,  with  a  more  or  less  filamentous, 
softish,  lacunose  thallus,  is  the  only  European  Lichen  of  the  present 
section  that  is  wanting  with  us. 

§1.  Cornicularia,  Fr.  Fruticulose,  passing  into  filamentous 
or  pendulous  forms. 

1.  E._furceZZaia,Fr.,with  long  (terete-compressed  ?)  di-trichotomous- 
ly  divided,  suberect,  entangled  branches,  from  hoary  becoming  cinere- 
ous, or  slighdy  greenish,  with  furcate  fuscous  apices,  Dill.  Muse.  t.  85, 
2 


/ 


10  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

f.  14,  was  constituted  on  a  Lichen  which  Fries  referred  to  this  figure 
and  description  of  Dillenius,  whose  own  specimens  were  sent  him  from 
Pennsylvania,  by  J.  Bartram.  I  have  not  seen  Fries's  description,  but 
he  says  incidentally  (Lichenogr.  p.  478)  that  his  specimens  are  (like 
those  of  Dillenius)  infertile,  and  that  the  genus  of  the  Lichen  is  there- 
fore doubtful. 

2.  E.  jubata,  Fr.  Thallus  terete,  smooth,  much  branched,  black- 
fuscous  (or  palish),  apices  simple  ;  apothecia  innate-sessile,  entire,  of 
the  same  color  with  the  thallus.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  20.  —  «.  hicolor, 
Fr. ;  th.  erectish,  fruticulose,  branches  divergent,  apices  cinereous- 
fuscescent.  Cornicularia  licolor,  Ach.  —  (S.  chalyheiformis,  Ach.  ; 
th.  subfilamentous,  decumbent,  somewhat  rigid,  divergent  (often  white- 
sorediiferous),  apices  oftener  palish.  Alectoria  jubata,  var.  chalyb., 
Ach.  Cornicularia  Jilrillosa,  Halsey,  Lich.  JV.  Y.  I.  c.  nan  Ach. 
—  y.  implexa,  Fr. ;  th.  filamentous,  pendulous,  very  much  branched, 
entangled,  softish,  apices  of  the  same  color.  Lichen  jubatus,  L.  — 
8.  selacea,  Ach. ;  th.  filamentous,  rather  slender,  very  long,  pendulous, 
somewhat  simple,  frequently  sorediiferous.  Alect.  jubata,  var.  setacea, 
Ach.    Setaria  trichodes,  Miclix.    Alect.  trichodes,  Pylaie  Voy.  p.  17. 

Very  common  :  «,  trees  on  high  mountains,  fertile  ;  and  on  the 
ground  in  alpine  districts,  infertile  ;  White  Mountains.  Arctic  America, 
R.  Br.  (Ross's  Voy.). — (S,  old  rails,  stones,  and  trees,  sterile  ;  com- 
mon in  New  England.  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.  (Scoresby's  Arc.  Re- 
gions), Rich.  —  /,  trees  in  mountainous  and  subalpine  districts,  infer- 
tile ;  New  England  and  westward.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  —  d,  dead 
wood,  Canada,  Michaux  !  Newfoundland  and  northward,  Herh.  Hook.  ! 
Michaux's  Lichen  is  extremely  delicate,  but  apparently  not  distinct. 

3.  E.  divergens,  Fr.  Th.  somewhat  angular,  dark-chestnut,  white- 
dotted  ;  branches  elongated,  flexuous  ;  apices  attenuated,  forked,  of  the 
same  color ;  apoth.  innate-sessile,  crenulate,  disk  of  the  same  color. 
JV.  Lichenogr.  p.  21.      Corniculaxia,  Ach. 

On  the  earth,  alpine  and  arctic  regions.  Newfoundland,  Herb.  Be- 
lessert.     Bear  Lake,  Rich.,  Hook.  !  (Parry's  Sec.  Voy.). 

4.  E.  ochroleuca,  Fr.  Th.  teretish,  smoothish,i  ochroleucous  (and 
palish),  axils  compressed-sublacunose,  irregularly  branched,  apices  at- 
tenuate, subfibrillose  ;  apoth.  innate-sessile,  at  length  repand,  disk  livid- 
fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  22.  —  «.  rigida,  Fr.  ;  th.  suberect,  fru- 
ticulose, rigid,  ochroleucous,  apices  refle.xed,  blackish.     Comic,  ochro- 


AND    BBITISH    AMERICA.  11 

leuca,  Ach. — ^.  sarmentosa,  Fr.  ;  th.  filamentous,  sarmentose-pendu- 
lous,  much  branched,  sofdsh,  ochroleucous  or  pale,  apices  elongated, 
of  the  same  color.     Alecloria  sarmentosa,  Ach. 

Mountainous,  alpine,  and  arctic  regions.  —  a,  on  the  earth  ;  White 
Mountains,  infertile.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb.  Hook.  !),  R.  Br. 
(Parry's  First  Voy.),  fertile.  —  /S,  on  the  trunks  and  branches  of  trees 
in  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  northward,  fertile  ;  and  on  the 
earth,  alpine  and  arctic,  sterile,  a  does  not  seem  to  be  well  represent- 
ed on  our  mountains.     The  arctic  specimens  are  very  fine. 

5.  E.  vulpina,  Ach.  Th.  much  branched,  rigid,  angular,  com- 
pressed-lacunose,  greenish-yellow  ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  fuscous.  Fr, 
Lichenogr.  p.  23. 

Trunks  and  rails,  N.  W.  America,  Menzies  !  and  Rocky  Mountains, 
Herh.  Hook. !  fertile.  A  few  specimens  in  my  possession,  from  the 
White  Mountains,  and  elsewhere,  may  belong  to  this  ;  but  most  of  the 
degenerate  plants  commonly  referred  to  it  here  are,  perhaps,  as  safely 
placed  with  E.  prunastri.     5Y  .  i-»*  -to  i-l^') 

§11.  Duf  our ea,  Ft.     Fruticulose,  inflated,  apothecia  terminal. 

6.  E.  ramulosa,  Hook,  (sub  Dufourea).  Th.  csespitose,  terete-com- 
pressed, scarcely  lacunose,  fuscous-glaucescent,  much  branched  and 
fuscous-olivaceous  above,  branches  subdichotomous,  tuberculate-ramu- 
lose,  obtusish.  Dufourea  ramulosa,  Hook.  App.  to  Parry's  Sec.  Voy. 
j9.  424. 

Arctic  America,  Hook.  Considered  by  Hooker  nearest  to  E.  ma- 
dreporiformis,  from  which  he  remarks  that  it  differs  in  color,  in  its 
branching,  and  in  being  fistulous. 

7.  E.  arctica.  Rich,  (sub  Dufourea).  Th.  somewhat  csespitose,  sub- 
simple,  or  with  a  few  short  branches  above,  subulate-ventricose,  smooth, 
sulphureous  becoming  brownish  ;  apoth.  chestnut,  with  an  obscure, 
crenulate  thalline  margin.  Dufourea  arctica.  Rich,  in  Frankl.  Narr. 
p.  762  &  Icon,  «.  31. 

Bear  Lake,  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (herb.  Hook. !). 
I  follow  Fries  in  considering  the  Dufourese  a  section  of  the  present 
genus.  Hooker  (App.  to  Parry's  Sec.  Voy.  1.  c.)  refers  Dufourea  no- 
dosa, R.  Br.  (Ross's  Voyage),  to  a  variety  of  the  present  species.  I 
have  not  seen  the  description  of  Brown. 

§  III.  Physcia,  Fr.  Foliaceous-compressed,  the  under  side  chan- 
nelled. 


12  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

8.  E.  prunastn,  Ach.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  ochroleucous  (and  palles- 
cent),  lacinias  linear-attenuate,  rugose-lacunose ;  on  the  under  side 
somewhat  channelled  and  white  ;  apoth.  subpedicellate,  cyathiform, 
rufous.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  25.      -  ■ 

Trees  and  shrubs,  more  rarely  on  stones  and  rails.  Arctic  A^mer- 
ica,  Rich.  Canada,  fertile,  Herh.  Hook. !  More  common  with  us  in 
degenerate  states.  New  England.  New  York,  Terr.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl. 

9.  E.  furfuracea,  Mann.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  glaucous  (oftener  ci- 
nereous-furfuraceous),  lacinias  linear,  dichotomous ;  channelled  and 
becoming  black  on  the  under  side  ;  apoth.  pedicellate,  disk  rufescent. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  26.  Borrera,  Ach.  —  ^.  Cladonia,  Tuckerm. ;  suf- 
fruticulose,  naked,  lacinise  patent,  much  branched,  and  often  somewhat 
thyrsoid-entangled. 

Trunks,  common  and  fertile ;  more  rarely  on  stones,  &c. ;  New 
England.  New  York,  Halsey.  —  /S,  firs  and  other  trees,  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Northern  New  England,  fertile. 

III.     RAMALINA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  rounded,  scutelliform,  thick,  pedicellate-subpeltate,  scat- 
tered upon  both  sides  of  the  thallus,  disk  open,  placed  upon  the  (green) 
gonimous  stratum.  Thallus  originally  erect,  ramose-laciniate,  similar 
throughout,  and  of  the  same  color. 

Two  species  occurring  in  the  North  of  Europe  are  as  yet  whol- 
ly wanting  with  us  :  —  R.  pollinaria,  Ach.,  with  a  softish,  flaccid, 
corrugated  thallus  besprinkled  with  white  powdery  spots  ;  and  R. 
scopiilorum,  Ach.,  with  a  thick,  rigid,  polished,  often  terete  thallus,  at- 
taining to  a  very  large  size.  At  the  extreme  South,  we  may  possibly 
have  some  West  Indian  species,  or  others  peculiar  to  this  continent. 
The  late  Mr.  Menzies  kindly  presented  me  with  two,  collected  by  him 
on  the  coast  of  the  Mexican  State  of  California,  which  may  be  noticed 
briefly  in  this  place.  It  is  probable  the  first,  at  least,  has  been  already 
described,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  account  of  it.  R.  reti- 
formis,  Menz.  herb. ;  subcartilagineous,  much  elongated,  the  irregular 
flexuous  branches  dilated  above  and  regularly  reticulate-perforate ; 
apoth.  lateral.  Monterey  !  —  R.  Menziesii,  Tuckerm. ;  submembrana- 
ceous,  thin,  deeply  lacunose  or  plane,  canaliculate,  smooth  ;  apoth. 
lateral,  sessile,  with  a  thin,  elevated  margin.  R.  scopulorum  1  Menz. 
herh.    R.  scopulorum,  var.  tenuissima.  Hook,  if  Am.  in  Beechey's  Voy. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  13 

p.  163  ?  Jfonterey  !  Appears  to  me  to  differ  from  R.  scopulorum  in  its 
softish,  plane,  often  deeply  lacunose,  and  thin  thallus,  as  well  as  in  the 
apothecia.  —  Roccella,  a  genus  nearly  allied  to  the  present  and  the 
last,  and  diffused  throughout  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  has  not 
as  yet  any  North  American  representative.  I  saw,  however,  in  a  small 
collection  of  "  Algse  from  Carolina,  Bermudas,  and  the  Caribbees,  by 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Clerk,"  in  the  British  Museum,  a  Roccella,  which  resem- 
bled R.  phycopsis,  Ach.  ;  but  it  is  uncertain  at  which  of  the  above  lo- 
calities this  Lichen  was  obtained. 

1.  R.  calicaris,  Fr.  Thallus  ramose-foliaceous,  cartilagineous,  ri- 
gescent,  lacunose,  glaucous  ;  apothecia  pedicellate,  with  elevated  mar- 
gins, disk  plane,  palish.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  30.  —  a.  fraxinea,  Fr.  ; 
lacinise  longer  and  broader,  the  fertile  ones  plane ;  apoth.  lateral.  R. 
fraxinea,  Ach.  —  /?.  fasligiata,  Fr.  ;  laciniae  shorter,  fastigiate,  sub- 
compressed,  lacunose ;  apoth.  somewhat  terminal.  JJ.  fasligiata,  Ach. 
—  ;'.  canaliculata,Fi. ;  lacinis  sublinear,  narrow-attenuate,  fertile  ones 
channelled ;  apoth.  afRsed  to  the  reflexed  apices.  Lichen  calicaris, 
L.  R.  fasligiata,  §.,  Ach.  —  S.  farinacea,  Schser. ;  laciniae  linear- 
attenuate,  sublacunose  (sorediiferous),  rigid;  apoth.  scattered.  R.  far- 
inacea, Ach. 

Very  common :  «,  /?,  and  y,  on  trees,  rails,  &c.  ;  the  last  especially 
in  mountain  forests ;  d,  abundant  in  the  New  England  mountains,  and 
northward,  on  trees  and  rocks.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl. 

2.  R.  polymorpha,  Ach.  Th.  caespitose,  cartilagineous-rigid,  lon- 
gitudinally costate-rugose,  glaucous  (and  pallescent),  often  sorediifer- 
ous and  the  soredia  capituliform  ;  apoth.  subterminal,  pedicellate,  with 
elevated  margins,  disk  concave,  pale.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  32.  —  (S.  tinc- 
toria,  Ach.  ;  lacinice  sublinear,  diffuse,  linear-lacunose,  lacerate-incised 
and  pulverulent  at  the  apices.     Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  601. 

Rocks  and  stones,  fertile  ;  New  England,  and  westward,  very  com- 
mon. New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

IV.  CETRARIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  scutellate-peltate,  affixed  obliquely  to  the  apices  of  the 
thallus.  Thallus  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  originally  ascendant ; 
smoothish  on  the  under  side  ;  lobes  either  somewhat  terete,  or  foliaceous 
and  somewhat  concave  above. 


14  LICHENES    or    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

All  the  European  species,  and  indeed  all  that  belong  to  the  genus 
(as  revised  by  Fries)  in  the  last  general  work  of  Acharius  (Synopsis), 
occur  with  us,  with  several  others.  It  is  difficult  to  define  strictly  the 
limits  between  the  foliaceous  species  of  Cetraria  and  some  Parmelise 
of  the  subsection  Imbricaria ;  and  in  his  Flora  Scanica,  Fries  has  sug- 
gested the  possibility  of  extending  Cetraria  to  include  most  or  all  of  the 
Imbricarise.  But  the  genus,  as  limited  in  the  Lichenographia  Euro- 
psea,  seems  a  natural  one,  and  well  distinguished  from  Parmelia. 

§1.   Cartilaginea,  Fr.     Thallus  cartilagineous,  suberect. 

1.  C.  tristis,  Fr.  Thallus  fruticulose,  horny-cartilagineous,  rigid, 
solid,  distichally  dichotomous,  pitch-black,  branches  fastigiate,  terete ; 
apothecia  terminal,  plano-convex,  disk  fuscous-black.  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
p.  34.     Cortiicularia,  Ach. 

Alpine  and  arctic  rocks.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

2.  C.  odontella,  Ach.  Th.  fruticulose,  rigid,  solid,  subcompressed, 
palmate-ramose,  dark-brownish-chestnut,  branches  plane,  dentate  (not 
ciliate-spinulose)  ;  apoth.  terminal,  plane,  disk  fuscous.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  35.     /■/>  .  /'^  if 

Stones  and  moist  rocks  in  alpine  districts.  Newfoundland,  Despreaux 
in  herb.  Deless. !  Bory  in  herb.  Kunth  !  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic 
America,  Herl.  Hook.  !    Melville  Island,  R.  Br.  (Parry's  First  Voy.). 

3.  C.  aculeata,  Fr.  Th.  fruticulose,  rigid,  subfistulous,  lacunose- 
compressed,  very  much  and  irregularly  branched,  dark-brownish-chest- 
nut, branches  divaricate,  black-spinulose  ;  apoth.  terminal,  peltate,  den- 
ticulate, disk  of  the  same  color.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  35.  Cornicularia, 
Ach. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.  White  Mountains, 
fertile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.,  Hook. .' 

4.  C.  Richardsonii,  Hook.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  canaliculate,  divari- 
cate-bipinnatifid,  naked  or  sparingly  black-denticulate,  dark-chestnut ; 
apoth.  marginal,  subpedicellate,  margin  granulate  or  irregular,  disk 
yellowish-brown.   Hook,  in  Frankl.  Narr.  p.  761,  &  Icon,  t.  31. 

Barren  grounds  north  of  Great  Slave  Lake,  Rich.  (herb.  Hook. !  & 
herb.  Grev, !).     Prostrate. 

5.  C.  Islandica,  Ach.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  sublinear,  canaliculate, 
ciliate-spinulose,  olivaceous-chestnut ;  apoth.  obliquely  scutellate,  ad- 
nate  to  the  upper  side  of  the  lobes,  very  entire,  disk  dark-chestnut. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  15 

Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  36.  —  p.  plalyna,  Fr.  ;  laciniae  broader,  flattish, 
waved.  Fr.  I.  c.  —  ■/.  crispa,  Ach.  ;  lacinice  narrow,  crisped,  with 
connivent  margins.   Fr.  I.  c.      ^  I .  i^.l  ^fi  loif  . 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts,  and  at  lower  eleva- 
tions northward,  abundant  and  fertile;  y  not  found  elsewhere.  Also 
degenerate  and  sterile  on  hill-sides,  and  in  sandy  fields  near  the  coast, 
throughout  New  England.     New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Mulil. 

6.  C  cucuUata,  Kch.     Th.  subfoliaceous,  sinuate-laciniate,ochroleu-        t,  /)v,  / 
cous,  sanguineous-fuscous  at  the  base,  margins  connivent  and  waved  ; 

apoth.  adnate  to  the  under  side  of  the  lobes,  disk  pale-flesh-colored. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  37. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.  White  Mountains, 
fertile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

7.  C.  nivalis,  Ach.     Th.   foliaceous,  erectish,  lacunose-reticulate, 
lacerate-laciniate,  ochroleucous,  yellowish  at  the  base  ;  lacinise  canalic-  ' 
ulate-patulous,  crisped  ;  apoth.  marginal,  crenulate,  yellowish-flesh-col- 
ored.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  38. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.  White  Mountains, 
fertile.    Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.  (Scoresby). 

§11.  Mem.hr anacecB,  Fr.  Thallus  coriaceous-membranaceous, 
the  sterile  fronds  subdepressed. 

8.  C.  glauca,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  expanded, 
sinuate-lobed,  ascendant,  glaucous  (and  cinerascent) ;  becoming  black 
on  the  under  side  ;  apoth.  terminal,  peltate,  dark-reddish-chestnut.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  38.  —  «.  fertilis,  Fr.  ;  laciniae  elongated,  channelled, 
becoming  whitish  on  both  sides,  or  spotted  with  white.  Fr.  I.  c.  — 
j5.  sterilis,  Fr. ;  lacinis  shorter,  wider,  subdepressed,  the  under  side 
fuscous-black.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Trunks  of  trees,  stones,  &c.,  in  mountain  forests,  and  elsewhere; 
New  England.     Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie. 

9.  C.  sepincola,  Ach.     Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  ascendant,  !''-  I 
laciniate,  from  green  becoming  olivaceous-fuscescent ;  paler  beneath  ; 
lacinise  plane  (the  margins  sometimes  crisped,  pulverulent),  fertile  ones 

short ;  apoth.  adnate  to  the  upper  side  of  the  lobes,  dark-fuscous.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  39. 

Trees  and  dead  wood.  Branches  of  dwarf  firs,  with  C.  pinastri. 
White  Mountains,  fertile.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Hudson's  Bay, 
Herh.  Banks  !    Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  ! 


16  LICHENES    OP    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

10.  C.  ciliaris,  Ach.  Th.  subcoriaceous,  foliaceous,  reticulate-lac- 
unose,  greenish  glaucous  becoming  fuscescent ;  whitish-fuscescent  be- 
neath ;  lacinise  ascendant,  crisped,  ciliate  or  black-denticulate ;  apoth. 
elevated,  blackish-fuscous,  with  a  crenate  margin.     Ach.  Syn.  p.  227. 

Trunks  of  trees,  and  old  rails,  common  and  fertile  ;  ascending  to 
subalpine  districts,  where  it  is  often  very  small,  and  resembles  the  last ; 
New  England.     New  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Mulil.  ! 

11.  C.  lacunosa,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-coriaceous,  foliaceous, 
round-lobed,  rugose-reticulate-cellulose,  glaucescent;  whitish  on  the  un- 
der side,  or  spotted  with  white  ;  lacinise  ascending,  the  margins  crenate, 
crisped,  black-denticulate  ;  apoth.  large,  elevated,  dark-reddish,  entire. 
Ach.  Meth.  295,  t.  5,  f.  3,  Syn.  p.  227.  Lichen  cavernosus,  Menz. 
herh.  —  /?.  Ailantica,  Tuckerra. ;  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  lacu- 
nose-reticulate  ;  apoth.  at  length  perforate.  C.  lacunosa,  Hals.  Lich. 
N.  Y.,  I.  c.  &  Auct.  Amer.    C.  Tuckermanii,  OaJces  in  Sill.  Jour. 

Trunks  of  trees,  and  old  rails.  —  a.  Northwest  coast,  Menzies  !  — 
§,  Lake  Superior  to  New  England,  fertile.  New  York,  Halsey.  Penn- 
sylvania, Mulil.  The  plant  of  Menzies  differs  from  ours  considerably, 
but  more  specimens  of  the  Oregon  Lichen  are  required,  to  settle  the 
distinctness  of  the  two. 

12.  C.  placorodia,  Tuckerm.  Th.  subcartilagineous,  foliaceous,  of 
narrow,  at  first  smooth  and  discrete,  at  length  convex,  concrete,  and 
plicate  lobes,  finally  besprinkled  with  black  grains  or  wholly  isidioph- 
orous,  pale  livid-glaucous;  on  the  underside  fuscescent,  rugose,  smooth, 
sparingly  fibrillose ;  lacinife  crisped,  crenate;  apoth.  marginal,  peltate 
on  the  ascending  lobules,  from  pale  fuscous  becoming  dark  chestnut, 
with  an  inflexed  crenate  margin,  at  length  explanate.  Parmelia  pla- 
corodia, Ach.  !   Syn.  p.  196. 

Trunks  (normal),  Chelmsford,  Russell!  and  common  on  rails,  when 
(like  C.  ciliaris,  C.  lacunosa,  and  others)  it  assumes  a  Parmeliaceous 
aspect.  From  Parmelia  it  appears  to  me  distinct,  in  its  marginal,  ob- 
liquely affixed  apothecia,  and  its  smooth,  reticulate-rugose  under-side. 
Acharius  was  acquainted  only  with  the  rail-Lichen. 

13.  C.  aurescens,  Tuckerm.  Th.  subcoriaceous,  foliaceous,  plane, 
sinuate-lobed,  yellowish-green ;  beneath  whitish  with  pale  fuscescent 
fibres  ;  margins  of  the  lobes  elevated,  crisped,  black-denticulate  ;  apoth. 
large,  elevated,  chestnut,  with  a  thin  crenulate  margin. 

Trunks  and  branches  of  Coniferae,  New  Hampshire.  And  old  rails, 
Massachusetts. 


AND   BRITISH    AMERICA.  17 

14.  C.  Oakesiana,  Tuckerm.  Th.  subcoriaceous,  foliaceous,  de- 
pressed, linear-laciniate,  from  green  becoming  yellow  ;  fuscous  on  the 
under  side,  with  scattered  coarse  fuscous  fibres ;  laciniae  plane,  with 
elevated,  black-ciliate  (or  more  commonly  pulverulent)  margins  ;  apoth. 
marginal,  elevated,  rufous-fuscous,  somewhat  entire.  Tuckerm.  Lich, 
N.  E.  in  Bost.  Jour.  Nat.  Hist.  1841,  p.  445. 

Trees  and  rocks  in  mountain  forests,  New  England  ;  fertile. 

15.  C.  viridis,  Schwein.  Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  round- 
lobed,  lacunose-reticulate,  glaucous-green  ;  pale  yellow  on  the  under 
side  ;  margins  waved,  black-denticulate  ;  apoth.  chestnut-brown,  with 
an  infle.xed,  lobate-dentate  margin.  Schwein.  in  Hals.  Lich.  N.  Y.  I.  c. 
p.  16. 

Cedars,  Massachusetts.  New  York,  Halsey.  Certainly  very  near  the 
next ;  and  the  Massachusetts  Lichen  here  referred  to  it  is  perhaps  noth- 
ing but  a  state  of  C.  juniperina,  (5. 

16.  C.  juniperina,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  ascen- 
dant, sublacunose,  lacerate-laciniate,  bright  yellow  ;  on  the  under  side 
subreticulate,  of  the  same  color;  laciniae  concave,  crisped,  black-den- 
ticulate ;  apoth.  adnate  to  the  lobes  in  front,  disk  fuscous,  margin  cren- 
ulate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  40.  C.  juniperina,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  226,  &  C. 
Tilesii,  Ach.  J  Syn.  p.  228.  —  /S.  virescens,  Tuckerm. ;  glaucous-green 
becoming  pale  yellowish,  pale  beneath. 

On  trees,  and  on  the  earth,  Arctic  America,  Rich.,  Hook. !  —  /?, 
cedars  and  other  trees,  and  rails,  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Rus- 
sell !  and  southward  to  New  York,  Torrey,  and  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
Our  jS  can  be  compared  only  with  the  low-country  Lichen  of  the  North 
of  Europe,  from  which  it  appears  to  differ  as  described.  The  alpine 
European  forms,  and  our  own  arctic  ones,  recede  variously  from  this 
type. 

17.  C.  pinastri,  Sommerf  Th.  membranaceous,  foliaceous,  de- 
pressed, round-lobed,  greenish-yellow ;  laciniae  plane,  not  denticulate 
(with  crisped  and  powdery  margins  in  the  sterile  plant) ;  '  apoth.  mar- 
ginal, disk  yellowish-brown,  margin  obtuse.'  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  40.  C. 
juniperina,  ^.  pinastri,  Ach.    Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Subalpine  shrubs  and  rocks  ;  also  trees  in  mountain  woods  and 
swamps,  infertile  ;  New  England.  Northward  to  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

3 


18  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


V.  NEPHROMA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  reniform,  plane,  not  velate,  adnale  to  the  under  side  of 
the  thallus,  with  an  elevated  thalline  margin.  Thallus  membrana- 
ceous, softish,  somewhat  villous  on  the  under  side. 

Nephroma  is  constituted  a  section  of  Peltigera  in  the  Lichenogra- 
phia  of  Fries,  but  in  his  Flora  Scanica,  1835,  and  his  Summa  Fl.  Scand. 
1845,  these  genera  are  recognized  as  distinct ;  as  they  are  also  by  Mon- 
tagne.  Fee  (Crypt.  Exot.  Suppl.  p.  8)  remarks  that  they  differ  also 
in  their  thecae. 

1.  N.  arciicum,  Fr.  Thallus  coriaceous-membranaceous,  smooth, 
ochroleucous  ;  on  the  under  side  subvillous,  becoming  black  ;  fertile 
lobules  somewhat  elongated,  erectish  ;  apothecia  dark  orange-red. 
Peltigera  arctica,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  42.  N.  polaris,  Ach.  Tuckerm. 
Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Eocks  among  mosses,  and  on  dwarf  firs,  in  alpine  and  subalpine 
districts.  White  Mountains,  fertile.  Abundant  in  Newfoundland,  and 
forming  patches  of  two  or  three  feet  in  extent,  Pylaie  !  in  herb. 
Kunth.  Northward  to  Greenland,  Brasen  (Fl.  Dan.),  and  elsewhere 
in  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

2.  N.  resujiinaiMOT,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  smooth, 
from  glaucous  becoming  fuscescent ;  pale  and  downy  on  the  underside, 
which  is  sparingly  besprinkled  with  whitish  soredia  ;  apoth.  rufous-^fus- 
cous.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  241. 

Trunks,  often  of  mountain  ash,  in  mountain  forests,  luxuriant  and 
fertile ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
Darker  on  rocks,  where  it  is  frequently  quite  small. 

3.  N.  parile,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  suborbiculate,  softish, 
livid-fuscous  ;  on  the  under  side  naked,  rugulose,  dark  ;  (the  lacinife 
often  sorediiferous,  and  pulverulent  at  the  margins),  fertile  lobules 
short ;  apoth.  dark-fuscous.     Ach.  Syn.  p.  242. 

Rocks.  White  Mountains,  not  uncommon.  And  on  the  coast,  Mr. 
Oakes.     Fertile. 

4.  N.  Helveticum,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  some- 
what rigid,  glaucous-fuscescent ;  on  the  under  side  tomentose,  becoming 
black;  margins  of  the  lobes  and  of  the  apothecia  fimbriate-toothed ; 
fertile  lobules  somewhat  elongated ;  apoth.  blackish.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  242. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  1§ 

Trees  and  rocks,  fertile,  New  England.  A  small  rock-form  occurs 
(N.  aspera,  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  1.  c),  analogous  to  a  similar  one 
of  N.  resupinatum. 

VI.  PELTIGERA,  Hoffra. 

Apothecia  orbiculate,  peltseform,  plane,  adnata  to  the  upper  side  of 
elongated  lobes  of  the  thallus,  or  more  rarely  marginal ;  with  a  thin 
margin  of  the  thallus.  Thallus  coriaceous-membranaceous,  venose  on 
the  under  side. 

1.  P.  malacea,  Ach.  Thallus  spongy,  soft,  smooth,  round-lobed,  fus- 
cous-cinerascent,  clothed 'on  the  under  side  with  a  dense  blackish  to- 
mentum  becoming  white  towards  the  margins ;  apothecia  ascendant, 
rounded,  margin  crenulate.     Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  44. 

Mountainous  districts  ;  on  the  earth  and  on  shrub  firs  near  the  limit 
of  trees,  and  on  rocks  at  lower  elevations.  White  Mountains. 

2.  P.  aphthosa,  Hoffm.  Th.  coriaceous,  smooth,  besprinkled  with 
warts,  bright  green  (and  glaucescent) ;  reticulated  with  blackish  veins, 
and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side ;  apoth.  large,  eiscendant,  round,  with 
a  somewhat  lacerate  margin.  Fr.  Liclienogr.  p.  44. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  and  on  the  earth.  Common  in  mountain  for- 
ests}  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Mm/jZ.  North- 
ward to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie;  and  Arctic  America,  Rich.,  R.  Br. 

3.  P.  canina,  Hoffm.  Th.  membranaceous,  flaccid,  scrobiculate, 
subtomentose,  fuscous-green  (and  cinerascent,  and,  hoary)  ;  the  under 
side  whitish  and  reticulated  with  pale  fuscous  veins;  apoth.  ascendant, 
rounded,  at  length  semi-revolute,  vertical.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  45. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  mossy  trunks,  common  in  New  England. 
New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Northward  to  Greenland, 
Gieseke. 

4.  P.  rufescens,  Hoffm.  Th.  coriaceous,  soft,  subtomentose,  cinere- 
ous-virescent  (and  cinereous,  and  Tufescent)  ;  fuscous-fibrillose  on  the 
under  side,  and  reticulated  with  black-fuscous  veins ;  lobes  rather 
narrow,  with  elevated  and  crisped  margins ;  apoth.  at  length  vertical, 
oblong,  revolute.  Fr.  Lichenogr,  p.  46.  Pellidea  spuria,  Ach.  Tuckerm, 
Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  rocks,  and  trunks  among  mosses  ;  New  England, 
Thallus  smaller  and  thicker  than  in  the  last. 


20  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHEKN    STATES 

5.  P.  polydactyla,  HoflVn.  Th.  papyraceous,  very  smooth,  shining, 
plumbeous-virescent  (and  gray),  on  the  under  side  almost  naked,  re- 
ticulated with  spongy  fuscous  veins;  (fertile  lobules  often  very  numer- 
ous ;)  apoth.  ascending,  finally  revolute.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  46. — (J. 
sailata,  Fr. ;  margins  often  crisped  (or  powdery) ;  apoth.  at  first  trans- 
versely oblong,  at  length  erect  and  revolute.  Fr.  I.  c.  Pellidea  scutata, 
Ach.     '  -L'      r  ■•     ,  .;  /, 

Eocks  and  trunks  among  mosses,  abundant  in  mountain  forests ; 
New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Mulil.  The  va- 
riety (9  may  be  taken  for  the  next  species,  which  has  a  different  thallus. 
P.  reticulata,  Hook.  ms.  (herb.  Borr.  I),  from  the  Northwest  Coast,  is 
near  this,  but  apparently  a  distinct  species.  I  have  not  seen  the  de- 
scription. 

6.  P.  horizontalis,  Hoffm.  Th.  coriaceous,  lacunulose,  smooth,  fus- 
cous-virescent ;  the  under  side  reticulated  with  black  veins ;  apoth. 
transversely  oblong,  plane,  horizontal.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  47. . '/  .  .;  H 

Rocks  and  trunks,  among  mosses,  less  common  than  the  last;  New 
England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Margins  of  the 
thallus  sometimes  crisped,and  the  under  side  scarcely  venose  (var.  lo- 
phyra,  Ach.). 

7.  P.  venosa,  HoffVn.  Th.  coriaceous  (small),  fan-shaped,  simple, 
green  (and  cinereous) ;  white  on  the  under  side,  and  variegated  with 
fuscous-black,  divaricately  branched  veins ;  apoth.  adnate  to  the  thal- 
lus, round,  horizontal.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  48.  • 

On  the  earth,  in  woods.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Torrey  ! 
Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  ! 

VII.  SOLORINA,  Ach.  ^ 

Apothecia  suborbiculate,  depressed,  adnate  to  the  disk  of  the  thallus, 
covered  originally  with  a  thin  membrane,  which  forms  at  length  an 
evanescent  margin,  '  subgelatinous  within.'  Thallus  coriaceous-mem- 
branaceous,  foliaceous,  venose  or  lanuginous  beneath. 

Eschweiler  (Syst.  p.  21,  &  Lich.  Brasil.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  1833,  p.  60) 
considers  this  genus  very  distinct  from  Peltigera  in  the  peculiar  evolu- 
tion of  its  apothecia.  The  apothecia  of  some  species  of  Peltigera  are 
indeed  velate,  and  this  is  the  case  with  nearly  all,  according  to  Fries  ; 
but  these  groups  differ  also  in  their  thecse,  as  shown  by  Eschweiler  and 
by  Fee,  and  in  a  somewhat  different  habit.     Montagne  (Bet.  Zeitung, 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  21 

1,  p.  476),  Flotow  (Ibid.  p.  613),  Fee  (Crypt.  Exot.  1.  c),  and  J.  D. 
Hooker  (Lich.  Antarct.  in  Hook.  Jour.  Bot.)  have  enlarged  the  present 
genus  by  the  addition  of  some  interesting  tropical  and  other  species. 

1.  S.  crocea,  Ach.  Thallus  coriaceous,  lobed,  obscurely  green  be- 
coming cinnamon-colored  ;  on  the  under  side  saffron-colored,  with  rather 
obscure,  branched,  anastomosing  veins;  apothecia  applanate,  immargi- 
nate,  dark-chestnut.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  8.    Peltigera,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  48. 

On  the  earth,  Arctic  America.  Greenland,  Dill.  North  of  Point 
Lake,  Rich.  (Herb.  Hook.  !).     V;,  /,•  zi- 

2.  S.  saccala,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  subimbricate,  from  green 
becomiDg  greenish-cinerascent ;  on  the  under  side  whitish  and  fibrillose  ; 
apoth.  applanate,  finally  saccate-depressed,  blackish-fuscous.  Ach.  Syn. 
p.  8.   Peltigera,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  49. 

Rocks  (limestone).  New  York,  B.  D.  Greene,  Esq.  Newfoundland, 
Pylaie.  Northward  to  Bear  Lake,  Herl.  Hook.  !  Solorina  orbiculata, 
Menz.  herb.  I  from  the  Pacific  coast,  appeared  to  me  a  distinct,  but  I 
believe  it  is  an  undescribed  species. 

Vm.  STICTA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  scutelliform,  adnate  to  the  margin  or  disk  of  the  thallus, 
somewhat  oblique,  the  margin  free  beneath.  Disk  at  first  closed,  nu- 
cleiform  ;  becoming  at  length  elevated  and  explanate.  Thallus  expand- 
ed from  a  centre,  foliaceous,  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  lobate,  villous 
on  the  under  side,  and  having  on  this  side  small,  regular  urceolate  cav- 
ities {cyphella),  or  where  these  are  wanting  soredia,  or  discolored 
spots. 

A  mostly  tropical  genus,  with  many  West  Indian  and  South  Ameri- 
can species,  some  of  which  are  represented  in  the  extreme  southern 
parts  of  the  United  States. 

1.  S.  mirata,  Ach.  Thallus  subcoriaceous,  reddish-brick-colored  ; 
on  the  under  side  lanuginous,  reddish-yellow  at  the  circumference,  and 
besprinkled  with  small,  irregular,  often  sorediiform,  yellow  cyphellae  ;~ 
laciniae  rounded,  sinuate-cut,  the  margins  undulate,  crisped,  and  yellow- 
pulverulent  ;  '  apothecia  marginal,  disk  plane,  fuscous-red,  margin  in- 
flexed.'  Delis.  Stict.  p.  49.  .'~' 

Among  mosses  on  rocks  and  trees.  (Southern  States  !  and  Texas  ! 
infertile.)  Ohio .'  The  Southern  Lichen  probably  occurs  within  our 
limits. 


22  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

2.  S.  crocata,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  scrobiculate,  greenish- 
glaucous-fuscescent  ;  on  the  under  side  lanuginous,  liver-colored  at 
the  circumference,  with  minute,  pale-lemon-colored  cyphellse ;  laciniae 
short,  rounded,  crenulate,  with  yellowish-pulverulent  margins ;  '  apoth. 
scattered,  fuscous-black.'     Delis.  Siict.  p.  56.  . 

Rocks  among  mosses,  New  England,  infertile  ;  less  common  in  the 
Northern  mountains.  S.  Feei,  Delis.  1.  c.  p.  44,  from  North  America, 
is  perhaps  a  Southern  species. 

3.  S.  sylvatica,  Ach.  Th.  coriaceous-membranaceous,  laciniate-lobed, 
lacunulose,  greenish-fuscous  ;  tomentose,  and  subfuscous-cinerascent 
beneath,  with  urceolate,  whitish  cyphellse  ;  lobes  somewhat  truncate, 
rounded,  crenulate  ;  '  apoth.  marginal,  peltate,  rufous-fuscous.'  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  51. 

Rocks,  among  mosses.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.,  New  York,  Halsey.  S. 
fuliginosa,  Ach.,  differs  principally  in  its  round-lobed,  rugose  fronds, 
frequently  isidioid-efBorescent,  and  its  (normal)  sessile,  orbiculate  apo- 
thecia.  The  described  apothecia  of  S.  sylvatica  depend  upon  the  figures 
of  Dillenius,  Wulfen,  &c.    The  species  is  now  unknown  in  a  fertile  state. 

4.  S.  quercisans,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous,  laciniate,  plane,  pale-ru- 
fous-fuscous ;  somewhat  tomentose,  and  subfuscous-nigrescent  beneath, 
with  urceolate  (membranaceous),  whitish  cyphellae  ;  lobes  subimbricate, 
oblong,  rounded,  crenulate  ;  '  apoth.  scattered,  disk  somewhat  concavo- 
plane,  with  a  thin  entire  margin.'  Delis.  Slid.  p.  84.  Lobaria,  Michx. 

Pennsylvania,  Herb.  Montague!  Mossy  rocks.  New  York,  Russell! 
The  specimens  from  Mr.  Russell  seem  to  me  to  differ  from  S.  sylvatica 
in  the  characters  indicated  by  Delise,  and  to  agree  with  his  S.  querci- 
zans,  as  they  also  do  with  my  brief  notes  on  the  specimen  (from  Car- 
olina) in  herb.  Michaux.  S.  Beauvoisii,  Delis.  1.  c.  p.  83,  constituted 
on  a  North  American  Lichen,  seems  hardly  distinct  from  the  present. 

5.  S.  scrobiculala,  Ach.  Th.  coriaceous,-  suborbiculate,  Ielx,  scro- 
biculate, leaden-gray  (and  glaucescent) ;  lanuginous  on  the  under  side, 
with  naked,  white  spots ;  laciniae  rounded,  somewhat  entire  (commonly 
sorediiferous)  ;  '  apoth.  scattered,  from  rufous  becoming  fuscous.'  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  53.   ,"f-Y»  .  p  'b  f    THf . "» • 

Trunks,  and  rocks  among  mosses.  New  England  ;  infertile.  North- 
ward to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie.  S.  limbata,  Ach.,  a  species  resembling 
this,  but  with  urceolate,  true  cyphelte,  very  possibly  occurs  with  us. 

6.  S.  anthraspis,  Ach.      Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  lacu- 


AND   BRITISH    AMERICA.  Za 

nose-reticulate,  broadly  round-lobed,  cinereous-virescent ;  rugulose  and 
somewhat  villous  beneath,  with  small,  white,  sorediiform  cyphellse ; 
lobes  somewhat  crenate;  apoth.  scattered,  disk  at  length  convex,  black, 
and  excluding  the  entire  thalline  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  233. 

On  the  earth,  among  mosses ;  Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  !  New 
York,  Halsey.     The  upper  surface  resembling  that  of  S.  pulmonaria. 

7.  S.  pulmonaria.,  Ach.  Th.  coriaceous,  lax,  lacunose-reticulate, 
dark  green  (and  olivaceous)  ;  tomentose  on  the  under  side,  with  naked, 
white  spots;  lacinice  elongated,  discrete,  sinuate-lobed,  retuse-truncate ; 
apoth.  submarginal,  rufous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  53.  Lichen  pulmona- 
rius,  L. 

Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  fertile.  Also  on  rocks,  where  various 
sterile  forms  are  found.  Among  these  is  S.  linita,  Ach.,  quoted  by 
Delise  as  from  the  United  States,  which  has  occurred  at  the  White 
Mountains,  with  all  the  features  of  the  Swiss  Lichen.  New  England. 
New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl.    Newfoundland,  Pylaie. 

8.  S.  glomerulifera,  Delis.  Th.  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  thick,  or- 
bicular, appressed,  smooth,  from  pale  green  becoming  glaucescent ; 
villous  on  the  under  side,  with  scattered,  excavated  cyphellse  (which 
are  often  wanting) ;  lacinise  elongated,  sinuate-lobed  ;  apoth.  scattered, 
dark-reddish-chestnut,  with  a  rugose,  persistent  margin.  Delis.  Siict. 
p.  129.    Tuckerm.  Further  Enum.  I.  c.    Parmelia,  Ach. 

Trunks  of  trees,  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  England.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl.  in  herb.  Willd.  !  Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie.  The 
green  glomerules  of  the  European  Lichen  always  wanting  in  ours. 
Young  plants  of  this  species  may  be  taken  for  the  next. 

9.  S.  herhacea,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  appressed,  smooth,  ob- 
scurely green  (and  glaucescent)  ;  on  the  under  side  paler,  lanuginous, 
the  membranaceous,  hoary  cyphelte  rare  ;  lacinise  sinuate-repand, 
rounded  at  the  apices  ;  apoth.  scattered,  rufous,  margin  crenulate.  Ach. 
Syn.  p.  341.    Parmelia,  Ach,  Syn.  p.  198. 

Trunks  and  rocks.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Torrey,  Hal- 
sey.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

IX.  PARMELIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  scutelliform,  orbicular,  adnate  horizontally  to  the  disk  of 
the  thallus,  with  an  equal  thalline  margin.     Disk  at  first  connivent- 


24  HCHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

closed,  somewhat  waxy.    Thallus  expanded  horizontally  from  a  centre, 
two-sided,  of  various  form,  upon  a  hypothallus.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  56. 

Synopsis  of  the  Sections. 

Sect.  I.  The  fibrillose  hypothallus  adnate  to  the  foliaceous  thallus, 
which  is  discrete  from  the  matrix. 

Subsect.  I.  Imbkicaeia,  Fr.  —  Apothecia   elevated,   subpedicellate, 
regular  ;  disk  very  thin,  naked,  placed  upon  the  gonimous  layer. 
Thallus  imbricate-foliaceous  ;  often  black-dotted  from  abortion 
of  the  apothecia.  —  Sp.  1  -  24. 
Subsect.  II.  Physcia,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  at  first  closed,  at  length  de- 
hiscent.   Disk  thickish,  waxy,  placed  upon  the  medullary  layer, 
Thallus  normally  foliaceous  ;  ascendant  or  stellate  ;  fibrillose 
on  the  under  side. 
*  Thallus  normally  ascendant,  or  loosely  decumbent ;  apoth.  some- 
what obliquely  marginate. — Sp.  25. 
**  Thallus  normally  stellate-appressed  ;  apoth.  plane.  —  Sp.  26  - 
33. 

Sect.  II.  Thallus  subfoliaceous,  at  length  compacted  into  a  conglom- 
erate, subgranulose  crust ;  arising  from  a  fibrillose  (rarely  ob- 
solete) hypothallus,  which  is  adnate  to  the  matrix. 

Subsect.  III.  Pyxine,  Tuckerm.  —  Apothecia  erumpent,  at  first 
closed,  palish  ;  becoming  patellffiform,  and,  with  the  altered 
thalline  margin,  black  ;  finally  cephaloid,  excluding  the  mar- 
gin. Thallus  subfoliaceous,  imbricate-laciniate,  at  length  crus 
taceous-concrete  at  the  centre,  on  a  black,  fibrillose  hypothal 
lus.  —  Sp.  34. 

Subsect.  IV.  Amphiloma,  Fr.  — Apothecia  erumpent,  somewhat  cor 
onate  with  an  accessory  thalline  margin.  Disk  wa.xy,  thickish 
naked.  Thallus  foliaceous,  somewhat  monopliyllous,  rounded 
at  length  crustaceous-compact  at  the  centre,  placed  on  a  spongy- 
pannose  hypothallus.  —  Sp.  35-38. 

Subsect.  V.  PsoROMA,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  for  the  most  part  two-formed 
adnate  or  immersed ;  arising  in  the  one  case  from  the  thallus, 
with  a  crenate-thalline  margin  ;  and  in  the  other  from  the  hy 
pothallus,  with  an  entire  proper  margin.  Disk  waxy.  Thallus 
of  discrete,  foliaceous  squamules,  arising  from  a  common  hy 
pothallus  ;  often  at  the  centre,  or  wholly,  concrete  in  a  subgran 
ulose  crust.  —  Sp.  39  -  41. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  25 

Sect.  in.  Thallus  crustaceous,  lobed  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly 
squamulose-effigurate.  Hypothallus  smooth,  adnata  to  the  ma- 
trix, often  confused  with  the  thallus. 

Subsect.  VI.  Placodium,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  plano-scutelliform,  elevat- 
ed, disk  without  proper  margin,  naked.  Thallus  as  above. 
(Thalline  margin  often  colored  like  the  disk.)  —  Sp.  42-47. 

Subsect.  VII.  Psora,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  innate,  at  first  somewhat  ur- 
ceolate,  afterwards  scutelliform.  Disk  with  a  proper  margin 
(visible  at  least  in  the  younger  apothecia),  normally  at  first 
csesious-pruinose.     Thallus  as  above.  —  Sp.  48  -  50. 

Sect.  IV.  Thallus  crustaceous,  uniform.  Circumference  similar,  or 
the  hypothallus  sometimes  fibrillose-radiant. 

Subsect.  VIII.  Patellaria,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  regular,  scutelliform, 
sessile,  the  thalline  margin  persistent.  Lamina  of  the  disk 
somewhat  plane,  without  proper  margin.  Thallus  crustaceous, 
adnate  to  an  indeterminate,  mostly  black  hypothallus.  Disk  not 
csesious-pruinose.  —  Sp.  51-66. 

Subsect.  IX.  Ukceolaria,  Fr.  —  Apothecia  innate  in  the  crust,  or 
immersed  in  protuberant  warts.  Lamina  urceolate,  or  protu- 
berant, verrucoeform,  blackish,  normally  caesious-pruinose,  mar- 
ginate.  Thallus  crustaceous  ;  the  whitish  hypothallus  confused 
with  the  thallus,  or  often  fibriUose  and  radiant.  —  Sp.  67-70. 


Sect.  I.    The  fibrillose  hypothallus  adnate  to  the  foliaceous  thallus. 
Subsect.  I.    Imbricaria,  Fr. 
Series  1.     G  I au  c  es cen  t  e  s ,   Fr. 
1.  P.  crinila,  Ach.    Thallus  submembranaceous,  suborbicular,  glau- 
cous-fuscescent  (the  whole  thallus,  as  well  as  the  apothecia,  beset  with 
isidioid  granules  and  branchlets)  ;  black  and  somewhat  smooth  on  the 
under  side,  and  here  and  there  black-fibrillose  ;  lobes  plane,  with  some- 
what ascendant,  erose-crenate,  ciliate  margins  ;  apothecia  (imperforate) 
marginal,  subpedicellate,cyathiform,  with  a  thin,  inflexed,crenulate  mar- 
gin, at  length  explanate,  large.  Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  196.  P.  perforata,  §.  Fr. 
Trunks,  &c.,  fertile  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Torrey.     Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl.     There  appear  to  be  indications  of  other  differences 
beside  the  isidioid  efflorescence  to  distinguish  this  from  P.  perforata. 
The  latter  is  perfectly  normal  with  us. 
4 


26  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

2.  P.  perforata,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  smooth,  greenish-glau- 
cescent ;  on  the  under  side  black,  with  dark  fibres  ;  lobes  rounded,  as- 
cendant, subcrenate,  ciliate  ;  apoth.  large,  rufous,  elevated,  infundibu- 
liform  ;  disk  perforate,  at  length  explanate,  margin  very  entire.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  5S.  '  '■ 

Trees,  particularly  on  the  coast,  luxuriant  and  fertile.  Also  on 
stones,  &c.,  in  sterile  states.  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  (from  Bartram 
and  Mitchell),  DHL,  the  original  stations  of  the  Lichen.  New  Eng 
land.   New  York,  Torrey.   Northwest  Coast,  MeJi^ies  (Herb.  Smith!) 

3.  P.  perlata,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  suborbicular,  greeii' 
ish-glaucous ;  on  the  under  side  blackish-fuscous,  scarcely  fibrillose 
lobes  rounded,  plane,  not  ciliate ;  apoth.  elevated,  dark  red,  cyathl 
form,  at  length  explanate,  margin  thin,  entire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  59. 
—  ^.  olivetorum,  Ach. ;  margins  of  the  lobes  elevated,  crisped,  whitC' 
pulverulent.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  198.  ■    '  ' 

Trunks  and  rocks  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  and  common  also 
in  sterile  forms ;  New  England.     New  York,  Hahey. 

4.  P.  scortea,  Ach.  Th.  subcoriaceous,  orbicular,  smooth,  glaucous- 
white  ;  on  the  under  side  black,  hispid-fibriUose  ;  lobes  longish,  sinu- 
ate-crenate,  incised ;  apoth.  rufous-fuscous,  margin  somewhat  entire. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  197. 

Stones  and  trunks,  fertile  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Hahey. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Less  common  than  the  next,  with  which  Fries 
unites  it. 

5.  P.  tiliacea,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  smoothish, 
glaucous-cinerascent ;  on  the  under  side  blackish-fuscous,  with  black 
fibres  ;  lobes  sinuate-laciniate,  the  external  ones  rounded,  crenate  ; 
apoth.  subfuscous,  margin  veiy  entire.     Ach.  Syn.  p.  199. 

Trunks,  fertile,  very  common ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Nova  Scotia,  Menzies  ! 

6.  P.  Borreri,  Turn.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  orbicti- 
lar,  smoothish,  glaucous-cinerascent  (with  round,  marginate  soredia); 
on  the  under  side  fuscescent,  fuscous-fibrillose  ;  lacinia?  rounded  at  the 
apices,  naked  ;  apoth.  chestnut,  margin  inflexed,  entire.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  60.  —  (3.  rudecta,  Tuckerm. ;  soredia  immarginale  ;  the  whole 
thallus  beset  with  isidioid  granules  and  branchlets.  P.  rudecta,  AcL  ! 
Stjn.  p.  197.    /   '  .;    ,  J-  « 


AND   BRITISH    AMERICA. 


27 


Trunks,  &c.,  fertile ;  New  York,  Halsey.  —  /?,  New  England.  Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl.  The  anamorphous  development  called  by  Sommerfelt 
Lecidea  Parmeliarum,  and  referred  by  Acharius  to  Endocarpon,  occurs 
not  unfrequently  in  this  species,  as  well  as  in  the  next. 

7.  P.  saxatilis,  Ach.  Th.  subcartilagineous,  reticulate-lacunose, 
glaucous-cinerascent ;  black  and  fibrillose  beneath ;  lacinise  sinuate- 
lobed,  plane,  subretuse  ;  apoth.  dark-chestnut,  margin  at  length  cre- 
nate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  61.  —  «  ;  lacinias  irregularly  imbricate,  nar- 
rower. Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  469.  —  (i.  rosceformis,  Ach. ;  th.  orbicular, 
lobes  wider,  besprinkled  commonly  with  elongated,  marginate  soredia  ; 
apoth.  smaller,  less  e.xplanate.  Ach.  I.  c.  p.  471.  —  /.  omphalodes,  Fr. ; 
th.  smoothish,  shining,  dark  purplish-fuscous,  laciniee  subtruncate.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  62.    Parmelia  omphalodes,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  202.   /ci^,p^lf    //  C 

Rocks  and  stones,  and,  somewhat  less  commonly,  on  trees  and  rails,         '  -"  ' .' 
fertile  ;    New   England.     New  York,    Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  —  y.  Arctic  America. 

8.  P.  aleurites,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  contiguous, 
rugose-plicate,  glaucescent  (at  length  furfuraceous) ;  on  the  under  side 
pale,  with  fuscous  fibres  ;  lobes  discrete  at  the  circumference,  plane, 
rounded,  cut-crenate ;  apoth.  dark-fuscous,  margin  at  length  crenulate. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  62.    > 

Dead  wood,  and  firs,  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile;  and  on  rocks, 
sterile.  The  sterile  plant  is  also  common  on  rails,  &c.,  on  the  coast. 
New  England.  New  York,  Hahey.  Fries  refers  to  this  species  the 
P.  obsessa,  Muhl.  Catal.,  and  Ach.  Syn.  p.  213. 

9.  P.  lavigata,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  suborbicular,  smooth, 
glaucescent ;  black,  and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinise  multifid, 
linear,  plane,  cut,  divaricate  (often  sorediiferous)  ;  apoth.  chestnut, 
margin  very  entire.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  212.  , 

Trunks  (very  common  on  beech  in  mountainous  districts),  fertile. 

10.  P.  sinuosa,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  suborbicular,  smooth, 
glaucescent ;  black,  and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinia;  linear, 
wider  at  the  circumference,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  sinuses  wide,  circu- 
lar ;  apoth.  somewhat  plane,  fuscous,  margin  thin,  very  entire.  Ach. 
Syn.  p.  207.         ,,   h  <f  ^ 

,  Trunks  and  rocks.    Nova  Scotia,  Ach.     Fries  and  Meyer  refer  this 
and  the  last  to  %  single  species,  but  Borrer  regards  them  distinct. 


28  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

11.  P.  terehrata.  Mart  Th.  somewhat  inflated,  suborbicular,  green- 
ish-glaucescent;  plicate-rugose  and  black  on  the  underside;  lacinise 
radiant,  approximate,  plane-appressed,  sublinear  (often  sorediiferous), 
with  small,  regular,  rounded  perforations ;  apoth.  scattered,  plane,  red, 
margin  very  entire.  Mart.  Fl.  Crypt.  Erlan'g.  P.  diatrypa,  Ach.  Syn. 
p.  219.    Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.     /,-i*.  /!•  f  3 

Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  frequent,  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  Eng- 
land 

12.  P.  physodes,  Ach.  Th.  somewhat  inflated,  suborbicular,  glau- 
cous-white ;  blacU-fuscous  and  naked  on  the  under  side ;  lacinise  ioose- 
ly  imbricate,  linear,  sinuate-multifid,  somewhat  convex  ;  apoth.  elevated, 
reddish-fuscous,  with  an  infiexed,  entire  margin,  at  length  explanate. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  218.  —  /?.  enteromorpha,  Tuckerm. ;  laciniae  effuse,  lax, 
somewhat  elongated,  ventricose-inflated  ;  apoth.  subpedicellate,  ventri- 
cose-cyathiform,  at  length  explanate,  very  entire.  P.  enteromorpha, 
Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  219.    P.  plalycarpa,  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  England.  New  York, 
Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  North  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  —  §, 
firs  and  other  trees  in  high  mountain  forests.  Northwest  Coast,  Men- 
zies  !  Douglas  in  herb.  Hook.  !  Mountains  of  New  England,  fertile, 
and  evidently  passing  into  a. 

13.  P.  colpodes,  Ach.  Th.  somewhat  inflated,  suborbicular,  green- 
ish-glaucescent ;  black  and  spongy  on  the  under  side ;  laciniae  some- 
what plane,  at  the  circumference  ramose-multifid,  with  irregularly  den- 
tate margins;  apoth.  elevated,  chestnut,  margin  inflexed,  entire.  Swartz 
Lich.  Amer.  p.  4,  &  t.  3.    Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  219. 

Trunks.  Near  Boston,  Swartz  (the  original  station  of  the  Lichen). 
Throughout  New  England,  common  and  fertile.  New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

Series  2.    Oliv  ace  a  -fu  sea.   Ft. 

14.  P.  olivacea,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  smooth,  ru- 
culose  (elevated-punctate,  or  granulate-farinose),  olivaceous-fuscous; 
paler  and  subfibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lobes  radiant,  appressed, 
plane,  rounded,  crenate  ;  apoth.  dark-olive,  with  an  infle.xed,  at  length 
crenate  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  66. 

Trees  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  also  degenerant  on  dead  wood 
and  stones;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  ! 
Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  29 

15.  P.  Fahhmensis,  Ach.  Th.  subcartilagineous,  smoothish,  from 
dark-olive  becoming  blackish ;  on  the  under  side  paler,  subfibrillose  ; 
lacinicB  digitate-mullifid,  somewhat  plane,  subcanaliculate  ;  apoth.  dark- 
fuscous,  crenulate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  66.  —  /S.  sciastra,  Fr. ;  smaller, 
orbicular  ;  apoth.  subentire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  67.  Parrnelia,  Ach. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks,  and  occurring  also  at  lower  elevations 
in  mountainous  districts.  White  Mountains  ;  Chin  of  Mansfield,  and 
other  of  the  Green  Mountains;  fertile.  Northward  to  Newfoundland, 
Pylaie,  and  Arctic  America,  Rich.  —  /J,  Greenland,  Dill. 

16.  P.  slygia,  Ach.  Th.  subcartilagineous,  shining,  from  oliva- 
ceous-fuscous becoming  black  ;  very  black  on  the  under  side  and  ob- 
soletely  fibrillose  ;  lacinise  palmate-multifid,  sublinear,  convex,  recurved 
at  the  apices ;  apoth.  fuscous-black,  crenate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  67.  — 
/?.  lanala,  Mey.  ;  lacinise  setaceous,  filiform,  terete,  intricate,  fuscous- 
nigrescent;  apoth.  subgranulate-marginate.  Mey.  Enlioick.  der  Flecht. 
p.  231.    Fr.  I.  c.  p.  68.    Cornicularia  lanata,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  302. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks.  White  Mountains  and  the  higher  Green 
Mountains.  Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie,  and  Arctic  Amer- 
ica, R.  Br.  —  (9,  White  Mountains,  infertile.  Northward  to  Arctic 
America,  Hook.    Melville  Island,  jR.  Br. 

Series  3.     Ochroleucce,   Fr. 

17.  P.  caperala,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  orbicular,  rugose 
(or  granulose-pulverulent),  ochroleucous  ;  on  the  under  side  blackish 
and  sparingly  fibrillose  ;  lobes  sinuate-laciniate,  rounded,  somewhat 
entire  at  the  apices  ;  apoth.  fuscous-red,  margin  tumid-incurved,  ru- 
gose-crenate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  69. 

Trunks  and  stones,  not  commonly  fertile  ;  New  England.  New 
York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Westward  to  Illinois,  Russell ! 
North  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

18.  P.  conspersa,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  smoothish,  pol- 
ished (oflener  black-punctate),  greenish-straw-colored  ;  fuscous  and 
black-fibrillose  beneath  ;  lacinias  variously  flexuous,  somewhat  plane  at 
the  circumference,  sinuate  ;  apoth.  dark-chestnut,  margin  subentire. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  69.  —  /5.  stenophylla,  Ach.  ;  lacinise  elongated,  lin- 
ear, pinnatifid,  imbricate-complicate.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  209. 

Rocks  and  stones,  commonly  remarkable  for  its  very  numerous 
apothecia  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
North  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.     Degenerate  on  rails,  &c. 


30  LICHENES    or    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

19.  P.  incurva,  Fr.  Th.  cartitagineous-membranaceous,  stellate-im- 
bricate,  globuliferous,  greenish-stravv-colored  (and  ochroleucous) ;  black 
and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  laciniae  very  narrow,  multind,  suble- 
rete,  recurved  at  the  apices  ;  apoth.  rufous-fuscous,  subentire.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  70.     P.  recurva,  Ach. 

Rocks  in  mountainous  districts  (subalpine,  and  descending).  White 
Mountains  ;  fertile. 

20.  P.  ambigua,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  stellate-im- 
bricate,  farinose-sorediiferous,  greenish-straw-colored  (and  ochroleu- 
cous) ;  black  and  fibrillose  on  the  under  side  ;  lacinise  plane,  linear, 
appressed,  muliifid  ;  apoth.  adnate,  rufous-fuscous,  very  entire.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  11. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  and  on 
rocks,  infertile  ;  White  Mountains.  Northward  to  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

21.  P.  cenlrifuga,  Ach.  Th.  submembranaceous,  suborbicular, 
greenish-straw-colored  (and  ochroleucous) ;  white  and  fibrillose  on  the 
under  side  (the  crust-like  centre  often  falling  away,  and  leaving  a  con- 
centrically disposed  circumference) ;  laciniae  linear,  concrete,  conve.x, 
rugose  ;  apoth.  rufous-fuscous,  margin  subentire.  Fr. !  Lichenogr.  p.  71. 

Rocks  (subalpine  and  descending)  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ; 
New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  North- 
ward to  Newfoundland,  Herb.  Banks !  Fylaie.  An  ochroleucous, 
black-punctate,  not  concentrically  disposed  slate  is  P.  Halseyana, 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  1.  c.  It  occurs  in  the  Notch  of  the  White 
Mountains. 

•uZ<m-uA.i'^  tt^  Series  4.    Citr  in  a  ,  ¥1. 

22.  P.  parietina,  Fr.  Th.  foliaceous  or  squamulose,  imbricate,  mem- 
branaceous, sublobate,  yellow  ;  paler  and  obsoletely  fibrillose  on  the  un- 
derside; apothecia  with  elevated  margins,  very  entire.  Fr.  Lichenogr. p. 
72.  —  a.  (foJiacea),  Fr. ;  th.  foliaceous,  from  greenish  becoming  bright 
yellow;  lobes  explanate,  appressed.  P.  parietina,  Ach. — jS.  aureola, 
Fr. ;  th.  foliaceous,  somewhat  zoned  and  subcentrifugal,  dark-golden- 
yellow  ;  lobes  concrete,  plicate-ramose.  P.  aureola,  Ach.  — y.  rulilans, 
Fr. ;  th.  foliaceous-subcrustaceous,  imbricate-complicate,  irregularly  la- 
ciniate.  P.  rutilans,  Ach.  —  8.  laciniosa,  Duf. ;  th.  naked,  lacerate-dis- 
sected,  squamulose;  laciniae  ascending,  naked.  —  t.  polycarpa,  Fr. ; 
th.  smaller,  conglomerate ;  the  lobes  complicated,  and  covered  with  the 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


31 


very  numerous  apothecia.  Lecanora  caudelaris,  (?.  Ach.  —  ?.  lohilata. 
Ft. ;  th.  jjbliterated,  or  consisting  only  of  very  short,  scattered,  ap- 
pressed  lobules,  with  small  apothecia. — jj.  suislellata,  Ach.;  th.  folia- 
ceous,  substellate,  lacerate-laciniate,  lacinia3  e.xpanded,  pulverulent.  — 
&.  concolor,  Fr. ;  th.  pulverulent,  squamulose,  lacerate-laciniate,  scales 
crowded,  ascendant.  Lecan.  caudelaris,  a.  Ach.  —  i.  citrinella,  Fr. ; 
the  whole  thallus  dissolved  into  a  yellowish-green  dust. 

Very  common :  «,  on  trunks,  rocks,  &c. ;  /S,  on  rocks  and  stones 
(especially  maritime), exposed  to  the  sun;  y  and  d,  on  trunks,  e.xposed 
to  the  sun  ;  f  and  f,  on  the  smaller  branches  and  twigs  of  trees  ;  ij  and 
&,  on  smooth  bark,  the  last  also  common  on  dead  wood  ;  (,  on  bark  and 
dead  wood  in  moist  places  ;  New  England.  New  York  {y  and  5),  Hal- 
sey.  Pennsylvania  (d),  Muhl.  Ohio  (a),  Mr.  Lea  !  Illinois  («),  Rus- 
sell! Northward  to  Nova  Scotia  {y),  Menzies  !  Newfoundland  («), 
Pylaie,  and  Arctic  America  (e  and  &),  Rich.!  I  have  adopted 
Fries's  view  of  the  European  species  nearly  entire.  He  remarks  that 
he  has  distinguished  and  enumerated  these  forms,  not  so  much  on  ac- 
count of  their  importance  as  distinct  states,  as  to  furnish  an  example, 
that  can  almost  everywhere  be  authenticated,  of  the  e.xtremely  Protean 
character  of  the  thallus  of  Lichens. 

23.  P.  diversicolor,  Ach.  Th.  suborbicular,  yellowish-orange-red 
(becoming  whitish  with  age),  of  rather  narrow,  somewhat  lacerate-ra- 
mose,  rugose,  at  length  concrete  lacinise ;  white-cinerascent,  with  fibres 
of  the  same  color  beneath ;  apoth.  numerous,  concave,  blackish-san- 
guineous, margin  thick,  at  length  white.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  210. 

Arctic  America,  and  southward,  Ach. 

24.  P.  chrysophthalma,  Ach.  Th.  subfoliaceous,  cartilagineous- 
membranaceous,  lacerate-ramose,  from  dark  reddish-yellow  becoming 
whitish ;  on  the  under  side  whitish,  and  fibrillose  at  the  margins ;  la- 
ciniffi  depressed-subascendant,  plano-conve.t,  pinnatifid ;  apoth.  dark- 
orange,  fibriUose-ciliate  or  naked.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  75.  Borrera, 
Ach.  —  (5.  exilis,  Fr.  ;  laciniae  very  narrow;  margins  of  the  apothecia 
naked.    Fr.  1.  c.    Borrera,  Ach. 

Trunks  and  branches  of  trees  near  the  coast,  and  lu.xuriant  in  places 
exposed  to  the  sea-spray  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey  (at  New- 
burgh,  Russell !).     Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Illinois,  Rtissell ! 


32 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


Subsect.  II.     Physcia,  Fr. 

25.  P.  ciliaris,  Ach.  Thallus  cartilagineous,  from  green  becoming 
glaucous  ;  laciniffi  linear,  ramose,  subascendant,  channelled  beneath, 
ciliate  with  simple  fibres  ;  apothecia  subterminal,  pedicellate,  margin 
erect,  at  length  lacerate-dentate,  fimbriate,  or  obliterated  in  foliaceous 
branches  ;  disk  plane,  black,  subpruinose.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  77.  Bor- 
rera,  Ach. — /5.  galactophyUa,TuckeTm.;  more  delicate  ;  the  lacinise 
very  white  and  powdery  beneath  ;  margins  of  the  apothecia  at  length 
obliterated  in  foliaceous  expansions ;  disk  white-pruinose.  P.  galaclo- 
phylla,  Willd.  herb.  J  —  y.  angustata,  Tuckerm. ;  lacinias  extremely 
narrow,  of  nearly  the  same  color  beneath,  subterete  at  the  apices. 
Borrera  angustata,  Bory  ins. 

Trees,  New  England  (8),  rare.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylva- 
nia (/?),  Muhl.  !  and  southward,  where  /?  is  common.  North  to  Arctic 
America,  Rich.  —  /,  Newfoundland,  Bory  in  herb.  Berol. !  Rocky 
Mountains,  Herh.  Hook.  !  P.  leucomela,  Ach.,  a  species  near  this,  but 
with  narrow,  ascendant  lacinias,  and  tomentose  marginal  fibres,  occurs 
in  the  Carolinas,  Michx.  /  and  California,  Menzies!  and  P.  erinacea, 
Fr.,  with  lacerate-laciniafe,  diffuse  lobes,  which  are  ciliate,  and  beset 
above  with  very  long  whitish  fibres,  in  California,  Menzies  ! 

26.  P.  detonsa,  Fr.  Th.  cartilagineous,  substellate,  naked,  glaucous- 
fuscescent  (and  fuscous)  ; /whitish  on  the  under  side  with  black  fibres; 
lacinisD  narrow,  linear,  somewhat  convex,  digitate-multifid,  often  semi- 
terete,  very  densely  crowded  together  and  imbricated  ;  apoth.  subses- 
sile,  margin  at  length  crenate,  and  leafy,  disk  plane,  becoming  dark- 
fuscous.  Fr.  Syst.  Orb.  Veg.  fide  ipsius.  P.  Novce  Anglia,  Tuckerm. 
in  lilt.  olim.    P.  aquila,  Muhl.  Catal. 

Rocks  and  trees.  New  England.  Ohio,  Mr.  Lea  !  Near  to  P.  aqui- 
la.    I  have  not  seen  Fries's  description. 

27.  P.  pulverulenia,  Fr.  Th.  cartilagineous,  substellate,  pruinose- 
cinereous ;  black  on  the  under  side  and  hispid-tomentose  ;  lacinise  lin- 
ear, multifid,  approximate  ;  apoth.  sessile,  margin  tumid,  entire,  or 
squamulose-foliose,  disk  plane,  black-fuscous,  subpruinose.  Fr.  Lich- 
enogr. p.  79.  P.  pulverulenia,  venusta,  4"  muscigena,  Ach. — ^.  leu- 
coleiples,  Tuckerm.  ;  the  whole  thallus  white-farinose-pruinose,  lobes 
radiant,  margins  interruptedly  inflexed  and  pulverulent ;  apoth.  sub- 
sessile,  disk  depressed,  white-pruinose,  margin  subduplicate,  the  ex- 
ternal border  foliose  or  entire.    Lichen  leucoleiptes,  Muhl.  in   herh. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  33 

WiUd. !    P.  venusta,  Hals.  ^  Auct.  Amer.     P.  pulverulenta,  Mtihl. 
Tuckerm.  Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Trunks,  rocks,  and  upon  mosses ;  Bear  Lake  and  elsewhere  in 
Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb.  Hook.  !).  —  §,  trunks  and  rocks;  New 
England  to  Pennsylvania  !  often  isidioid-efflorescent. 

28.  P.  hypoleuca,  Muhl.  Th.  cartilagineous,  substellate,  glabrous, 
naked,  glaucous-virescent  (and  white)  ;  very  white  on  the  under  side, 
with  scattered  black  fibres  ;  lacinise  sublinear,  approximate,  imbricate, 
multifid,  plano-convex,  margins  naked ;  apoih.  elevated,  disk  at  length 
black,  naked,  with  an  inflexed,  crenulate  or  foliose  margin.  Miihl. 
Calal.  p.  105,  ^  Eaton  Man.  Bot.  p.  516.  Tiickerm.  Further  Enum. 
I.  c.     P.  speciosa,  /?.  hypoleuca,  Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  211. 

Trunks,  fertile.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  !  and  northward  to  New  Eng- 
land. 

29.  P.  speciosa,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  substel- 
late, glabrous,  greenish-glaucous  (and  white)  ;  very  white  beneath,  with 
numerous  pale  fibres  ;  lacinise  linear,  somewhat  concavo-plane,  imbri- 
cate, incised-ramose,  crenate,  ciliate-fibrillose,  margins  often  ascend- 
ant, green-pulverulent ;  '  apoth.  subsessile,  margin  incurved,  crenate, 
disk  rufous-fuscous,  nearly  naked.'    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  80. 

Trunks  and  mossy  rocks  in  woods,  infertile  ;  New  England.  Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl. 

30.  P.  congruens,  Ach.  Th.  coriaceous-membranaceous,  whitish- 
pallescent ;  on  the  under  side  cinereous-fuscescent,  with  fibres  of  the 
same  color;  lacinise  laxly-imbricate,  flexuous,  multifid,  recurved  at  the 
margins,  convex,  becoming  more  plane  in  the  circumference,  crenate  ; 
apoth.  elevated,  concave,  livid-fuscescent,  subpruinose,  with  a  thin,  in- 
flexed,  at  length  flexuous  margin.  Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  491.  Swarts 
Lich.  Amer.  p.  5  Sf  t.  4.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  207. 

Trunks,  New  England  ;  Siaartz,  I.  c.  I  have  a  Lichen  from  the 
White  Mountains  resembling  this,  except  that  the  umlor  side  as  well  as 
the  fibres  are  black. 

31.  P.  slellaris,  Wallr.  Th.  subcartilagineous,  naked,  not  pruinose, 
glaucescent ;  whitish  on  the  under  side,  with  dark  fibres  ;  lacinise  sub- 
linear,  multifid  ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  fuscous-black,  subpruinose,  margin 
somewhat  tumid,  subentire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  82.  —  a.  (stellari-expan- 
sa),  Fr. ;  th.  stellate-expanded,  fibres  shorter.  Fr.  I.  c    P.  stellaris,  aipo- 

5 


34  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

lia,  ^-  anthelina,  Ach.  — p.  hispida,  Fr. ;  lacinias  ascendant,  hispid  on 
the  margins,  or  tubulose-inflated.  Fr.  I.  c.  Borrera  tenella,  Ach.  —  y. 
(tribracia),  Fr. ;  lacinise  ascendant,  squamulose,  sparingly  fibrillose, 
pulverulent  at  the  apices.  Fr.  I.  c.    Lecanora  iriiracia,  Ach.  part. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  very  common;  New  England.  New 
York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Illinois,  Russell!  Northward 
to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

32.  P.  ccBsia,  Ach.  Th.  subcrustaceous-membranaceous,  substellate, 
gray  (and  cinerascent),  besprinkled  with  gray  soredia ;  pale  on  the  un- 
der side  ;  laciniiE  linear,  somewhat  convex,  subpinnatifid,  ciliate-fibril- 
lose ;  apoth.  sessile,  margin  thin,  somewhat  infiexed,  entire,  disk  at 
length  naked,  black.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  83.  —  «.  {stellata),  Fr. ;  laciniae 
stellate-expanded,  fibres  shorter,  soredia  regular ;  P.  casia,  Ach, ;  and 
the  laciniae  sometimes  very  narrow.  Fr.  I.  c.  P.  duiia,  Fl. — (3.  {squa- 
mulosa),  Fr.  ;  lacinisB  squamulose,  short,  obsoletely  fibrillose.  Fr.  I.  c. 
Lecanora  trihracia,  Ach.  part. 

Rocks,  stones,  and  dead  wood,  fertile ;  New  England.  New  York, 
Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

33.  P.  ohscura,  Fr.  Th.  submembranaceous,  orbicular,  not  prui- 
nose,  greenish,  becoming  livid-fuscous  when  dry ;  black  and  fibrillose 
on  the  under  side  ;  laciniaj  sublinear,  somewhat  plane,  incised-multifid 
(often  sorediiferous,  or  the  margins  pulverulent) ;  apoth.  sessile,  very 
entire,  disk  naked  from  the  first,  black-fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  84. 
P.  cycloselis,  Ach.^§.  ulothrix,  Fr. ;  laciniae  linear,  subciUate,  apoth. 
fibrillose  below.  Fr.  I.  c.    P.  ulothrix,  Ach. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  &c.,  and  passing  into  several  degenerate  states ; 
New  England.  New  York  (a  and /?),  HaZsej/.  Pennsylvania  (^),  iliuA?. 
Ohio  ((3),  Mr.  Lea  !  Northward  to  Arctic  America  (a).  Rich.  —  A  very 
distinct  species  detected  recently  by  Mr.  Oakes  (P.  Tuckermani,  Oakes 
ms.)  may  be  referred  to  here.  Resembling  generally  small  greenish 
forms  of  P.  parietina,  this  differs  in  the  foliose-lobate  margins  of  the 
apothecia,  which  are  also  fibrillose  beneath,  as  in  P.  obscura,'(3.  It  is 
common  on  trunks  about  Boston  {Oakes,  Tuckernian),  and  I  have 
found  it  on  rocks  at  the  White  Mountains.  It  was  sent  from  Ohio  by 
the  late  T.  G.  Lea,  Esq.  (Herb.  Russell !),  and  I  have  North  Carolina 
specimens  from  Mr.  Curtis.  (What  is  P.  fibrosa,-F\:,  referred  to  in- 
cidentally, Lich.  pp.  75,  97  ?) 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  35 

Sect.  II.     The  subfoliaceous  at   length   subgranulose   thallus   arising 
froni  a  fibrillose  hypothallus,  which  is  adnata  to  the  matrix. 

Subsect.  III.    Pyxine,  Tuckerm. 

34.  P.  sorediata,  Tuckerm.  Thallus  subcrustaceous-foliaceous,  la- 
ciniate-multifid,  from  green  becoming  glaucescent,  and  cinerascent ; 
black  on  the  under  side,  and  thickly  clothed  with  greenish-nigrescent 
fibres;  lacinise  sublinear,  canaliculate,  incised,  obtuse,  irregularly  im- 
bricate, and  concrete  at  the  centre  (often  sorediiferous) ;  apothecia  at 
first  pale,  and  concave,  becoming  black,  convex,  and  finally  prolifer- 
ous-papillate and  irregular.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  54.  Tuckerm.  Fur- 
ther Ejium.  I.  c.  Lichen  alomatus,  Willd.  herb.  !  Pyxine.,  Fr.  cit. 
Eschw. 

Trunks,  common  (abundantly  fertile  in  mountain  forests),  and  also 
on  rocks  ;  New  England.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  !  Rocky  Mountains, 
Herl).  Hook..'  (Southward  to  TexasJ)  I  have  not  seen  the  descrip- 
tion of  Fries,  and  am  uncertain  whether  his  Pyxine  is  founded  on  our 
Northern  Lichen  (which  is  probably  what  Acharius  described),  or  on 
the  West  Indian  and  South  American  Lecidea  sorediata  of  Eschweiler. 
The  latter  seems  distinct,  and  has  been  separated  as  Circinaria  Berte- 
riana  by  Fee  (Crypt.  Exot.  p.  128).  Our  Lichen  appears  to  me  a 
modification  of  Parmelia,  near  to  Amphiloma,  Fr.  The  apothecia 
have  some  of  the  features  of  those  of  Umbilicaria,  and  illustrate 
Fries's  observation,  that  this  genus  is  related  to  Parmelia. 

Subsect.  IV.     Amphiloma,  Fr. 

35.  P.  rubiginosa,  Ach.  Thallus  membranaceous,  suborbicular,  not 
pruinose,  livid-glaucous,  laciniate-multifid  at  the  circumference ;  hy- 
pothallus indeterminate,  tomentose,  bluish-black  ;  apothecia  reddish- 
brown,  with  an  incurved,  crenate  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  88.  —  /?. 
conoplea,  Fr. ;  the  centre  of  the  thallus  passing  into  a  bluish,  pulvera- 
ceous-granulose  crust ;  '  apothecia  symphycarpeous,  immersed,  convex, 
granulose-marginate.'  Fr.  I.  c.    P.  conoplea,  Ach. 

Kocks  and  trunks.  ^  has  occurred  at  the  White  Mountains  ;  and  I 
have  a  from  the  South. 

36.  P.  Russellii,  Tuckerm.  Th.  orbicular,  coriaceous-membrana- 
ceous,  minutely  farinose-granulose,  submonophyllous,  irregularly  radi- 
ant, pale-fuscescent-lead-colored ;  lacinise  somewhat  ascendant ;  hypoth. 
indeterminate,  of  very  short  white  fibres  becoming  lead-colored  at  the 
margins  ;  apoth.  (central,  very  numerous)  reddish-chestnut  and  nigres- 


36  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

cent,  with  a  thick,  infiexed,  at  length  rugose,  thalline  margin.   Tuckerm. 
Enum.  Lich.  N.  Amer.  p.  50. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood;  Hingham,  Mr.  Russell.  Ipswich,  Mr. 
Oakes. 

37.  P.  Cronia,  Tuckerm.  Th.  orbicular,  membranaceous,  smooth, 
radiant,  submonophyllous,  dark-bluish  becoming  pale-lead-colored  ;  la- 
cini£B  plane,  with  elevated,  darker  margins  (beset  with  elevated,  often 
blackish  points,  and  isidioid  branchlets) ;  hypoth.  determinate,  dark 
cserulescent. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  common  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  and 
resembling  a  Collema;  infertile.     It  is  very  distinct  from  P.  plumbea. 

38.  P.  lanuginosa,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  white,  pruinose  ;  in 
the  circumference  lobed  and  crenate ;  hypoth.  tomentose,  bluish-black; 
apoth.  rufous-fuscous,  with  a  pulverulent  thalline  margin.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  88.  —  /3.  {granulosa),  Fr. ;  thallus,  at  the  centre,  or  mostly,  gran- 
ulose-pulverulent.  Fr.  I.  c. —  *  (leproso-tyssina) ;  the  whole  thallus 
dissolved  into  a  leprous-byssine  mass.    Fr.  I.  c.    Lepraria,  Ach. 

Rocks  in  the  mountainous  districts  and  on  the  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  rarely  fertile. 

Subsect.  V.    PsoROMA,  Fr. 

39.  P.  microphylla,  Stenh.  Scales  of  the  thallus  cartilagineous,  im- 
bricate, crenate,  livid-cinereous,  compacted  at  length  into  a  cinereous 
crust ;  hypothallus  becoming  black  ;  apothecia  superficial,  disk  fuscous- 
black,  finally  convex,  and  excluding  the  thalline  margin.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  90.    Lecidea,  Ach. 

Rocks  in  woods,  fertile  ;  New  England. 

40.  P.  triptophylla,  Fr.  Scales  of  the  thallus  membranaceous,  livid- 
fuscescent,  at  first  stellate-expanded,  and  lacerate-dissected,  at  length 
granulose-coralline  ;  hypoth.  bluish-black  ;  apoth.  somewhat  immersed, 
disk  rather  plane,  rufous-fuscous,  margin  erect,  persistent.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  91.  —  a.  coronata,  Fr. ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  thallus, 
with  a  thalline  margin,  and  either  simple  or  symphycarpeous.  Fr.  I.  c. 
Lecanora  hrunnea,  Ach.  part.  —  j3.  Schraderi,  Schaer. ;  apoth.  pro- 
duced from  the  hypothallus,  plane,  destitute  of  a  thalline  margin.  Fr. 
I.  c.  —  ;'.  corallinoides,  Fr. ;  crust  blackish  from  the  predominant  hy- 
pothallus, squamules  wholly  coralline,    Fr,  I.  c. 

Rocks  in  woods  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylva- 
nia, Dill.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  ' 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  37 

41.  P.  Hypnorum,  Fr.  Scales  of  the  thallus  minute,  imbricate,  gran- 
ulate-crenulate,  somewhat  yellowish-fuscescent ;  pale  on  the  under  side ; 
apoth.  sessile,  dilated,  disk  membranaceous,  fulvous-fuscescent,  with 
an  elevated,  granulose,  thalline  margin.  Fr.  Liclienogr.  p.  9S.  Icon, 
Laur.  in  Sturtii's  Fl.  t.  IS. 

On  the  earth,  growing  over  mosses  and  twigs,  in  alpine  districts. 
White  Mountains,  frequent  upon  Salix  Uva-Ursi,  on  Mount  Pleasant, 
&c.,  fertile.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

Sect.  III.    Thallus  crustaceous,  lobate  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly 
squamulose  and  efRgurate. 

Subsect.  VI.     Placodium,  Fr. 

42.  P.  straminea,  Wahl.  Thallus  crustaceous,  plicate-radiose,  straw- 
colored  ;  laciniffi  convex,  teretish,  contiguous ;  apothecia  plane,  red- 
dish-fuscous, with  a  tumid  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Liclienogr.  p.  109. 

Rocks.  Greenland,  Fi-ies.  And  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

43.  P.  saxicola,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous,  appressed,  areolate-squam- 
ulose,  pale-greenish ;  the  circumference  of  somewhat  plane,  radiose- 
lobate,  concrete  lacinise;  apoth.  appressed,  disk  yellowish-fulvous,  mar- 
gin thin,  at  length  crenate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  110.  Lecanora  galacti- 
na,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones,  fertile  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

44.  P.  chrysoleuca,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous,  subfoliaceous,  crenate- 
lobate,  greenish-straw-colored  ;  fuscescent  on  the  under  side  ;  apoth.  ap- 
pressed, disk  golden-fulvous,  and  dark  orange-red,  with  a  thin,  flexuous, 
evanescent  margin  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  113.  Lecanora  ruhina,  Ach. 
Squamaria,  Hoffm.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Rocks,  New  England.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb. 
Hook.!). 

45.  P.  oreina,  Ach.  Th.  crustaceous-adnate,  areolate-verrucose, 
pale-greenish-straw-colored  ;  at  the  circumference  radiose-lobate,  plane, 
incised,  black-marginate  ;  apoth.  depressed,  disk  somewhat  tumid,  black, 
margin  obtuse,  very  entire.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  113.  P.  straminea,  var, 
Ach.    Mey.     Tuckerm.  Further  Enum.  I.  c. 

Rocks,  throughout  New  England  ;  fertile. 

46.  P.  elegans,  Ach.     Th.  stellate-radiose,  appressed,  dark  orange- 


38  HCHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

red,  naked  on  both  sides  ;  lacinia;  somewhat  discrete,  linear,  convex, 
contiguous,  fle.\uous ;  apoth.  of  the  same  color,  very  entire,  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  114. 

Rocks  and  stones  near  the  sea,  fertile  ;  New  England.  Northward 
to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie,  Point  Lake,  &c.,  Rich.,  and  IVIelville  Island, 
R.  Br. 

47.  P.  murorum,  Ach.  Th.  crustaceous,  adnate,  contiguous,  in  the 
circumference  radiose-plicate,  pale  yellow  ;  white  underneath  ;  apoth. 
sessile,  disk  naked,  dark  yellow,  with  a  thin,  entire,  somewhat  flexuous 
margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  115.  —  ^.  miniata,  Fr.  ;  th.  verrucosa,  less 
and  more  narrowly  radiose,  naked,  vermilion-colored.  Fr.  I.  c.  Leca- 
nora,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones  near  the  sea.  New  England,  fertile.  —  (},  Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

Subsect  VII.     Psora,  Fr. 

43.  P.  molyldina,  Wahl.  Thallus  crustaceous,  areolate-verrucose, 
radiate-plicate,  dark-fuscous;  white  beneath;  lacinise  of  the  circumfer- 
ence linear ;  apothecia  innate,  disk  urceolate,  blackish-fuscous,  margi- 
nate,  with  a  tumid  thalline  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  126. 

Rocks.     Greenland,  Fries. 

49.  P.  cervina,  Sommerf.  Th.  areolate-squamaceous ;  the  scales 
crustaceous,  subpeltate,  repand  or  lobed,  from  greenish  becoming  livid- 
chestnut  ;  on  the  under  side  white  ;  apoth.  at  first  immersed,  margi- 
nate,  at  length  protuberant,  disk  rufous-fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  127. 
—  (3.  squamulosa,  Fr. ;  th.  chestnut-tawny ;  apoth.  naked,  thalline  mar- 
gin thin  or  wanting.   Fr.  1.  c. 

Rocks.     White  Mountains.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

50.  P.  chrysomelcena,  Ach.  (sub  Lecanora).  Th.  crustaceous,  are- 
olate,  yellow  ;  areolse  flat,  submembranaceous,  somewhat  lobate,  here 
and  there  discrete  ;  apoth.  appressed,  disk  plane,  sanguineous-black, 
thalline  margin  elevated,  subrugose,  at  length  fle.xuous.  Ach.  Syn.  p. 
148. 

North  America  (Pennsylvania.'),  Muhl.,  Ach. 

Sect.  IV.     Thallus  crustaceous,  uniform. 
Subsect.  VIII.     Patellaria,  Fr. 

51.  P.  pallescens,  Fr.    Crust  subtartareous,  rugose-granulate,  glauces- 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  39 

cent;  hvpothallus  pale;  apothecia  tumid,  disk  plane,  pale,  innate-pru- 
inose,  with  an  erect,  entire,  persistent  margin.  Fr.  Lichenngr.  p.  132. 
Lecanora  Parella,  /?.  Ach.  Lichen  pallescens,  L.  Spec.  PI.  — /J.  Parel- 
Za,  Fr.  ;  crust  amylaceous-tartareous,  plicate-verrucose,  milk-white,  disk 
at  length  chinky  or  verrucosa.  Fr.  I.  c.  Lecanora  Parella,  Ach.  Li- 
chen PareUus,  L.  Mant. 

Trunks,  rails,  stones,  &c.,  ascending  to  alpine  districts.  —  §,  rocks 
near  the  sea  and  large  lakes.  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey. 
Pennsylvania,  Miihl.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

52.  P.  tartarea,  Kc\\.  Cr.  tartareous,  granulate-conglomerate,  glau- 
cescent ;  hypoth.  pale  ;  apoth.  adnate,  disk  plane,  rugulose,  pale-yellow- 
ish-flesh-colored, with  an  infle.ved,  entire  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.p.  133. 
—  j5.  frigida,  Ach.  ;  hypothallus  confused  with  the  thallus ;  crust  at 
length  granulate,  whitish  ;  apoth.  smaller,  reddish-flesh-colored.  Fr.  I.  c. 

Eocks  ;  (9  incrusting  twigs,  mosses,  lichens,  &c.,  and  ascending  to 
alpine  districts  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Hahey.  Arctic  America, 
Grev.  (PI.  W.  Greenl.). 

53.  P.  rubra,  Ach.  Cr.  subcartilagineous,  smoothish,  at  length  gran- 
ulate-pulverulent, glaucescent ;  hypoth.  pale  ;  apoth.  adnate,  disk  con- 
cave, red,  with  a  tumid,  inflexed,  crenulate  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
134.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Trunks  in  mountainous  districts  ;  New  England.  Pennsylvania, 
MuM. 

54.  P.  ocidata,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous-tartareous,  rugose,  uneven, 
papillose,  glaucescent ;  hypoth.  pale  ;  apoth.  sessile,  concave,  disk  sub- 
fuscous,  with  an  elevated,  very  entire  margin,  which  is  whiter  than  the 
thallus.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  135.  — ^;  thallus  isidioid,  branched  ;  apoth. 
becoming  black.  Fr.  I.  c.  Isidium  oculalum,  Ach.  Turn.  ^  Borr. 
Lich.  Brit.  p.  103. 

Trunks  in  mountainous  districts ;  White  Mountains.  Northward  to 
Arctic  America,  Rich.,  Hook. 

5-5.  P.  suhfiisca,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  at  first  contiguous,  smooth, 
becoming  chinky  and  granulate,  glaucescent;  hypoth.  macular;  apoth. 
adnate,  disk  plano-convex,  subfuscous,  whitish  within,  with  an  erect 
margin  colored  like  the  thallus.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  136  (excl.  P.  al- 
iella).  —  «.  discolor,  Fr. ;  cr.  as  above  ;  apoth.  regular,  disk  thickish, 
always  naked  (red,  rufous,  fuscous,  or  black),  margin  entire,  or  at 


m 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


length  rugose.  Fr.  I.  c.  Lecanora  subfusca,  ^  L.  epibryon,  Ach.  — 
/?.  distans,  Fr. ;  cr.  thin  ;  apoth.  orbiculale,  margin  elevated,  crenulate, 
disk  thin,  pale,  at  first  pruinose,  finally  naked.  Fr.  1.  c.  Lecanora 
distans,  Ach. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  rocks,  and  stones.  —  /},  trunks.  New  England. 
New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Northward  to  Arctic  Amer- 
ica, Rich. 

56.  P.  albella,  Ach.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  thin,  milk-white;  apoth.  or- 
biculate,  tumid,  pale-flesh-colored,  whitish-pruinose,  margin  very  en- 
lire,  subevanescent.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  168.  Fr.  Siwim.  Fl.  Scand.  P. 
subfusca,  y.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  139.  — /S.  angulosa,  Fr. ;  apoth.  aggre- 
gated, angulose-irregular,  disk  livid-fuscous,  glaucous-pruinose,  with  a 
fle.xuous,  subpersistent  margin.  Fr.  Simim.  Fl.  Scand.  P.  subfusca,  d. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  139.    P.  angulosa,  Ach. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.     New  York  («  and  (3),  Halsey. 

57.  P.  ccesio-rubella,  Ach.  Cr.  thin,  softish,  white  ;  apoth.  scat- 
tered (rather  large),  disk  plane,  becoming  at  length  somewhat  tumid, 
pale-reddish  and  fuscescent,  at  first  CBesious-pruinose,  equalling  the  tu- 
mid very  entire  margin.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  267. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.     New  York,  HaZsf]/.     Pennsylvania,  MmAZ. 

58.  P.  atra,  Ach.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  at  length  granulose-verrucose, 
glaucescent ;  hypoth.  black ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  at  length  somewhat  tu- 
mid, polished,  very  black,  within  black,  with  an  elevated,  persistent, 
subentire  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  141. 

Rocks  and  stones  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylva- 
nia, Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

59.  P.  cinerea,  Fr.  Cr.  subtartareous,  areolate-rimose,  glaucous-ci- 
nereous ;  hypoth.  black  ;  apoth.  innate,  disk  naked,  nigrescent,  pale 
within,  with  a  black,  obtuse,  subelevated  thalline  margin.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  142.    Urceolaria,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones,  very  common,  and  passing  into  many  varieties. 
An  ochraceous  state  (Urceolaria  Acharii,  Ach.)  occurs  not  uhcom- 
monly  about  mountain  streams.  New  England.  New  York,  Hiilsey. 
Arctic  America,  Rich. 

60.  P.  badia,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  rimosc-areolate,  subsquamulose, 
dark-olive;  hypoth.  black;  disk  naked,  polished,  fuscous-black,  with 
an  entire,  persistent  thalline  margin.    -Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  147. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


41 


Rocks  and  stones  (granite),  ascending  to  alpine  districts;  New  Eng- 
land. Arctic  America,  Rich.  Areolfe  sometimes  dispersed  and  squa- 
maceous,  with  subimmersed,  punctiform  (imperfect)  apothecia.  Such 
a  state,  according  to  Fries,  is  the  Endocarpon  smaragdulum  of  some 
authors ;  and  a  similar  one,  tinged  dark  red  by  the  oxide  of  iron,  the 
Endocarpon  Sinopicum,  Wahl.  The  former  is  common  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  occurs  in  New  York,  HaJsey.  The  latter  is  frequent  on  al- 
pine and  subalpine  rocks  on  our  higher  mountains. 

61.  P.  sophodes,  Ach.  Cr.  tartareous,  verrucose-granulate,  from 
green  becoming  fuscescent  ;  hypoth.  black  ;  disk  opake,  unpolished, 
fuscous-nigrescent,  thalline  margin  thick,  at  length  rugulose.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  149.  Lecanora,  Ach.  —  /?.  exigua,  Fr. ;  small  ;  crust  fus- 
cous-cinerascent ;  hypoth.  obsolete;  margins  of  the  apothecia  whitish, 
and  disappearing.    Fr.  I.  c.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood  ;  New  England.  New  York  («  and  /3),  Hal- 
sey.     Pennsylvania  (a),  Muhl.     Arctic  America  (^),  Rich. 

62.  P.  ventosa,  Ach.  Cr.  tartareous,  rimose-areolate,  pale-yellow; 
hypoth.  white  ;  apoth.  appressed,  at  length  irregular,  disk  somewhat 
convex,  dark-brownish-red,  with  a  thin,  pale,  very  entire  margin.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  153.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks ;  White  Mountains.  Newfoundland, 
Pylaie,  and  northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

63.  P.  varia,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  areolate-verrucose,  yellowish- 
green,  becoming  ochroleucous ;  hypoth.  smooth,  macular  ;  apoth.  ses- 
sile, disk  polished,  yellowish-flesh-colored,  or  discolored,  with  a  thin, 
erect,  entire  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  156.  —  «.  Fr.  ;  apoth.  scutel- 
liform,  plano-concave,  with  a  persistent,  sometimes  crenulate,  or  pul- 
verulent thalline  margin.  Fr. .'  I.  c.  P.  varia,  Ach.  — /S.  symmicta,  Fr. ; 
disk  of  the  apothecia  somewhat  excluding  the  paler,  very  entire  mar- 
gin, from  pale-yellowish  becoming  fuscous.  Fr.!  I.  c. — /.  sepincola, 
Fr. ;  apoth.  somewhat  immersed,  convex,  immarginate,  from  fulvous 
becoming  black.  Fr.  I.  c.  Lecidea,  Ach. — S.  polytropa,  Fr. ;  crust 
areolate  and  granulate ;  margins  of  the  apothecia  pale,  entire,  some- 
what flexuous.    Fr.  I.  c.    Lecidea,  Ach. 

Dead  wood,  stones,  and  trunks;  New  England.    New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania,  Mu/iZ. — /?,  granite  rocks  in  mountainous  districts;  New 
England.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 
6 


43  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES  4^ 

64.  P.  vitellina,  Ach.  Cr.  tartareous,  granulose-coacervate,  dark- 
reddish-yellow;  hypoth.  macular,  white;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  yellow 
becoming  fuscous,  margin  simple,  thin,  erect,  entire,  at  length  of  the 
same  color.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  162.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Dead  wood  and  rocks  ;  New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

65.  P.  fulva,  Schwein.  (sub  Lecanora).  Cr.  cartilagineous,  chinky 
and  granulate-verrucose,  sulphureous  or  pallescent,  upon  a  blackish 
hypothallus ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  reddish-orange,  immarginate,  with  a 
thick,  inflected,  at  length  flexuous  margin.  Lecanora  fulva,  Schwein. 
in  Hals.  Lich.  N.  Y.  I.  c.  p.  13.     Tuckerm.  Lick.  JV.  E.  1.  c. 

Trunks;  New  England.     New  York,  HaZsey. 

66.  P.  cerina,  Ach.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  at  length  granulate,  ci- 
nereous, upon  a  bluish-black  hypothallus ;  apoth.  sessile,  disk  immar- 
ginate, somewhat  wax-colored,  with  a  thin,  equal,  opake,  entire  thai- 
line  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  160.    Lecanora,  Ach. 

Trunks,  rocks,  and  stones  ;  New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

Subsect  IX.     Urceolaria,  Fr. 

67.  P.  glaucoma,  Ach.,  Fr.  Crust  tartareous,  contiguous,  rimose- 
areolate,  glaucous-white ;  hypothallus  white  ;  apoihecia  innate,  disk 
pale-flesh-colored,  pruinose,  at  length  convex,  and  becoming  blackish, 
with  a  very  entire,  evanescent  thalline  margin.  Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scand. 
P.  sordida,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  17S.    Lecanora  glaucoma,  Ach. 

Rocks  (especially  granite).  New  York,  Halsey.  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

68.  P.  verrucosa,  Ach.,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  verrucose,  naked, 
glaucous-white  ;  hypoth.  white ;  disk  immersed  in  the  verrucas,  con- 
cave, blackish,  subpruinose,  the  proper  margin  connate  with  the  conve.x 
thalline  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  186.  Icon,  Laur.  in  Slurm^s  Fl. 
t.  21.  —  a.  Urceolaria,  Fr. ;  normal.  Urceolaria  verrucosa,  Ach. — 
j8.  Perlusaria,  Fr.  ;  verrucse  closed,  disk  prominent  like  a  black  osti- 
ole.  Porina  glomerala,  Ach. 

Incrusting  dead  mosses  and  sticks,  in  alpine  districts  ;  White  Moun- 
tains. 

69.  v.  calcarea,  Ach.,  Fr.      Cr.  subcartilagineous,  areolate-verru-. 
cose,  glauccscent  (often  mealy  and  white) ;  disk  immersed  in  the  are- 
olae, from  concave  becoming  plane,  blackish,  creslous-pruinose,  with  a 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA. 


43 


thin,  at  length  discrete,  entire  proper  margin  ;  thalline  margin  some- 
what prominent,  subentire,  or  rugose-crenate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  167. 
JJrceolaria,  Ach. 

Limestone,  and  from  this  passing  to  other  rocks  ;  New  England. 
New  York,  Halsey. 

70.  P.  scruposa,  Sommerf.  Cr.  tartareous,  rugose-granulate,  glau- 
cous-cinerascent ;  hypoth.  white  ;  apoth.  immersed,  disk  urceolate,  cse- 
sious-black,  with  a  connivent,  cinerous-blackish  proper  margin,  which 
is  at  first  covered  by  the  crenate  thalline  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
190.  Urceolaria,  Ach.  —  (?.  bryophila,  Ach.  ;  cr.  rugose ;  apoth. 
smaller,  disk  emergent,  urceolate,  with  a  contracted  mouth,  thalline 
margin  subevanescent.  Fr.  I.  c.    Gyalecta,  Ach. 

Rocks,  stones,  dead  wood,  trunks,  and  on  the  earth ;  New  England. 
— ,?  incrusting  mosses ;  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

X.  THELOTREMA,  Ach. 

Apothecia  subconical -truncate,  at  length  open,  urceolate-scutelliform ; 
a  discrete,  lax,  membranaceous,  lacerate-dehiscent,  interior  exciple  veil- 
ing a  rigescent  disk.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

T.  lepadinum,  Ach.  Disk  blackish,  at  first  csesious-pruinose.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  428.    Schar.  !  Spied,  p.  67. 

Trunks,  somewhat  rare  ;  New  England.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
(Herb.  Hook. !).  Our  Lichen,  as  well  as  that  of  Arctic  America,  agrees 
with  the  European  ;  and  the  species  is  found  also  in  Brazil  (Eschwei- 
ler). 

XL   GYALECTA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  orbiculate,  urceolate,  at  first  closed,  then  variously  dehis- 
cent, the  elevated,  discrete,  colored  border  of  the  exciple  surrounding 
the  disk.  Disk  at  first  included,  like  a  nucleus,  and  gelatinous,  becom- 
ing at  length  open,  explanate,  indurated.  Thallus  horizontal,  crusta- 
ceous, somewhat  tartareous. 

G.  cupularis,  Schser.  Apothecia  radiate-dehiscent,  urceolate-open  ; 
border  orbicular,  elevated,  tumid,  pale,  disk  pale-flesh-colored.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  195. 

Rocks  (especially  limestone  and  sandstone,  Fr.)  and  on  the  earth. 
New  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


44  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


Tribe   II.     LECIDEACEiE,    Fr. 

XII.     STEREOCAULON,  Ach. 

Apothecia  placed  upon  a  thalline  stratum,  which  forms  a  more  or 
less  evident,  evanescent  (spurious)  thalline  margin,  becoming  plane, 
with  an  obscure  proper  margin,  and  at  length  cephaloid  and  immargi- 
nate,  solid.  Thallus  vertical,  caulescent,  mostly  solid  {podetia),  sup- 
porting a  horizontal,  squamulose-granulose  thallus,  and  arising  some- 
times from  a  horizontal,  adnate,  granulose  thallus. 

The  apothecia  are  often  quite  those  of  Parmelia,  but  they  also  occur 
subimmarginate  from  the  first,  or  with  only  an  obscure  proper  margin, 
as  observed  by  Scheerer  and  Eschweiler,and  the  genus  seems  properly 
nearest  to  Biatora,  and  related  through  this  to  Lecidea.  In  this  view, 
Cladonia  must  be  taken  for  the  highest  type  of  Lecideacese  ;  and  the 
fistulous  podetium,  analogous  certainly  (Fr.  Lich.  p.  14)  to  the  tubulose 
thallus  of  some  Cetrarias,  and  in  Cladonia  turgida,  if  I  am  not  mistaken, 
evidently  formed  by  constriction  of  the  ascending  foliaceous  thallus  of 
that  species,  must  be  considered  as  indicating  a  higher  rank  than  the 
solid  podetium  ;  this  last  being  rather  a  branched  stipe,  as  is  suggested 
by  a  comparison  of  Stereocaulon  Fibula  with  Biatora  Byssoides.  And, 
adopting  a  somewhat  wider  sense  for  Eschweiler''s  remark,  that  Clado- 
nia unites  in  itself  the  horizontal  and  the  vertical  thallus,  we  might,  in 
the  point  of  view  that  we  have  chosen,  see  reason  to  agree  with  him 
that  this  genus  is  even  the  highest  development  of  Lichenose  vegeta- 
tion ;  or  to  venture,  at  least,  the  suggestion,  that  no  genus,  which  does 
not  include  the  horizontal  type,  should  seem  to  be  the  most  perfect  typ- 
ical representative  of  Lichenes.  Fries,  from  whose  profound  conclu- 
sions we  are  far  from  prepared  to  depart,  attributes  Indeed  to  Usnea 
(1.  c.  pp.  9,  17,  198)  the  highest  rank,  and,  where  he  considers  the 
genera  as  falling  into  parallel  series,  he,  in  this  view,  assigns  the  posi- 
tion to  Usnea,  Stereocaulon,  and  Sphterophoron.  But  if  there  is  evi- 
dently a  distinction  between  the  highest  iypical  development  and  the 
highest  actually  attainable  development,  and  the  former  represent  the 
most  perfect  condition  of  the  plant,  or  genus,  per  se,  as  a  distinct  real 
or  assumed  existence  in  nature,  —  as  the  latter  is  representative  of  ex- 
treme tendencies  of  the  vegetation  in  question  to  ascend  to  a  higher 
than  its  typical  structure, —  Usnea,  &c.,  may  be  taken  as  representing 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  45 

the  extreme  development  of  Lichenes,  and  Cladonia,  or  some  other  ge- 
nus expressing  the  horizontal  type,  as  representing  their  typical  perfec- 
tion.—  S.  ram«/o5uni,  Ach.,  a  mostly  tropical  species,  with  densely 
fibrillose  podetia,  and  terminal,  subglobose  apothecia,  inhabits  North 
America,  according  to  Acharius  and  Muhlenberg  j  but  it  is  probable, 
only  the  southern  part. 

Sect.  I.     Podetia  solid,  filamentous  within;   apothecia  normally  fus- 
cous. 

•  Squamules  foliaceous,  or  fibrillose. 

1.  S.  toine7Uosum,  Fr.  Podetia  lax,  terete,  very  much  branched  and 
the  branches  somewhat  recurved,  clothed  with  a  dense,  whitish,  spongy 
tomentum  ;  squamules  somewhat  rounded,  incised-crenate  (becoming 
phylloid-granulose),  cinereous-cajsious  ;  apothecia  minute,  lateral,  at 
length  globose.    Fr.  LicJienogr,  p.  201. 

On  the  earth  and  stones  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, and  ascending;  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Herb. 
Hook.  ! 

2.  S.  coraUinum,  Fr.  Podetia  lax,  a  little  compressed,  vei^y  much 
branched,  glabrous  (many  conjoined  at  the  base  into  a  dense,  at  first 
digitate-divergent  sod) ;  squamules  fibrillose,  somewhat  digitate-ramose, 
cinereous-cffisious ;  apoth.  scattered  or  conglomerate  (rather  large), 
finally  globose.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  201.    S.  daclylophyllwn,  Floerk.! 

Stones,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  Mountains  ;  fertile. 

3.  S.  paschale,  Laur.  Podetia  lax,  rather  slender,  somewhat  com- 
pressed, very  much  branched,  subglabrous  (many  commonly  crowded 
thickly  together,  but  not  csespitose-conjoined)  ;  squamules  phylloid- 
granulose,  crenate,  conglomerate,  glaucous  ;  apoth.  subterminal,  di- 
lated, plane.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  202.  S.  paschale,  Ach.  part.  Lichen 
paschalis,  L.  fide  Fr. 

Stones,  and  on  the  earth  in  large  patches,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the 
While  Mountains ;  and  ascending  to  alpine  districts.  Common  also  on 
the  coast ;  but  the  genus  is  peculiarly  montane.  The  present  species 
was  formerly  considered  as  including  most  of  those  here  described, 
and  the  following  stations  are  therefore  so  far  uncertain.  New  York, 
Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  ilfisAZ.  Northward  to  Canada,  il/ic/iaMx;  New- 
foundland, P?/Zaie  ;  the  Saskatchawan,  &;c..  Rich.;  Greenland,  Gie- 
seke  ;  and  Melville  Island,  R.  Br. 


46 


LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


4.  S.  condensatum,  Laur.  Podetia  erect,  terete,  scarcely  branched, 
clothed  with  a  thin,  white-incarnate  tomentum  ;  squamules  roundish, 
teretish,  or  confluent,  glaucous  ;  apoth.  terminal,  dilated,  plane,  subpel- 
tate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  203.     S.  Meissnerianum,  Floerk.  ! 

Stones  and  rocks,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White  Mountains ; 
somewhat  rarely  fertile.  Occurring  also  in  the  deliquescent,  degener- 
ate state  called  by  Acharius  S.  Cereolus  (Meth.  t.  7,  p.  1).  The  hori- 
zontal thallus  at  the  base  is  persistent,  and  often  conspicuous. 

**  Squamules  verrucasform,  rounded,  or  angulate. 

5.  S.  denudatum,  Floerk.  Podetia  erectish,  terete,  somewhat  spar- 
ingly branched  above,  below  denudate,  glabrous  ;  granules  roundish, 
thick,  cinerascent,  at  length  almost  plane,  crenate-lobate  ;  apoth.  later- 
al, minute,  somewhat  plane.  Floerk.  !  D.  Lich.  p.  13.  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
p.  204.    iS.  glaucescens,  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Rocks  ;  from  Greenland,  Dill..,  to  New  England,  where  it  is  common 
in  mountainous,  and  ascends  to  subalpine  districts.  Southward  to  Penn- 
sylvania, Bill. 

6.  S.  nanum,  Ach.  Podetia  erect,  slender,  fastigiate-ramose,  below 
denudate,  above  very  finely  pulverulent ;  granules  verrucseform,  mi- 
nute, greenish-pallescent,  floccose  ;  apoth.  small,  lateral,  convex.  Fr.  ! 
Lichenogr.  p.  205. 

Fissures  of  rocks,  and  on  stones,  in  the  lower  regions  of  the  White 
Mountains  ;  fertile. 

Sect.  II.     PiLOPHOEON,  Tuckerm.     Podetia  cariilagineous-subfilamen- 
tous,  or  araneous-fistulous  within  ;  apothecia  subimmarginate,  black. 

7.  S.  Fibula,  Tuckerm.  Crust  persistent,  appressed,  subsquama- 
ceous-granulate,  bright  green  ;  podetia  (solid),  erect,  terete,  simple, 
somewhat  corticate  with  the  green  squamaceous  granules,  at  length 
subdenudate,  glabrous  ;  apoth.  (lateral,  minute,  somewhat  plane,  sub- 
immarginate, and)  terminal,  mostly  .solitary,  at  first  depressed-globose, 
immarginate,  at  length  rather  inflated,  dark-greenish-nigrescent  becom- 
ing black. 

Moist  rocks  along  streams  in  mountain  forests:  White  Mountains. 
.  .  .  .  ' 

Rugose,  nigrescent  cephalodia   (certainly  abortive    apothecia)    occur 

commonly  in  the  crust,  resembling  similar  ones  in  S.  condensatum. 

Barren  podetia  terminated  often  with  powdery  green  pulvinules,  as  in 

S.  Cereolus,  Ach.    Apothecia  solid, as  in  the  next,  the  disk  placed  upon 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  47 

a  paler  stratum.  S.  Cereolus,  as  described  by  Borrer,  and  figured  in 
E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2667,  is  certainly  very  near  the  present  section,  and 
agrees  in  many  respects  with  the  species  under  notice.  The  apparent 
difference  of  structure  in  the  apothecia  of  this  and  of  the  next  spe- 
cies from  Cladonia,  Stereocaulon,  and  Biatora  is  one  so  anomalous, 
that  I  prefer  to  leave  them  in  this  place,  to  which,  indeed,  their  whole 
habit  would  seem  to  refer  them. 

8.  S.  aciculare,  Tuckerm.  Crust  persistent,  of  effuse,  roundish, 
whitish  granules;  podetia  erect,  terete,  smooth,  elongated  (fistulous  and 
araneous  within),  divided  at  length  irregularly  into  erect,  subfastigiate, 
at  length  denudate  branches  ;  granules  verruculose,  pale-cinereous ; 
apoth.  at  first  subconical-globose,  immarginate,  often  conglomerate, 
from  dark-greenish-nigrescent  becoming  black.  Baomyces,  Meth.  t.  8, 
f.  4,  dein  Cenomyce,  Ach.  Cladonia,  Auct.  Stereocaulon,  Mihi,  Enum. 
Lich.  N.  Amer.  p.  52. 

On  the  earth ;  Northwest  Coast,  Menzies  !  Douglas,  in  herb.  Hook. ! 
Rocky  Mountains,  Herb.  Hook.  !  —  New  York,  Halscy.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl.  Certainly  a  congener  of  the  last.  Fries  remarks  incidentally 
(Lichenogr.  p.  242),  that  the  apothecia  are  almost  those  of  Biatora. 
Rugose  cephalodia,  like  those  of  the  last,  occur  also  in  the  crust  of  this 
species,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  podetia.  Sommerfelt  (Suppl.  Fl.  Lapp, 
p.  126)  remarks  that  these  cephalodia  occur  also  in  S.  paschale,  S.  co- 
rallinum,  and  S.  denudatum. 

XIII.  CLADONIA,  Hoffm. 

Apothecia  orbiculate,  submarginate ;  becoming  at  length  inflated, 
cephaloid,  and  immarginate ;  empty.  Disk  open,  at  length  protuberant 
and  reflexed,  concealing  the  proper  exciple.  Horizontal  thallus  squa- 
mulose-foliaceous  or  crustaceous,  from  which  arises  a  vertical,  caules- 
cent, cartilagineous,  fistulous  thallus  (podetia). 

Series    1.       G  I  auc  e  s  cen  I  e  s  ,     Fr.      Podetia   greenish-glaucous. 
Apothecia  rufous. 

1.  C.  alcicomis,  Fr.  Thallus  csespitose,  subfoliaceous,  of  palmate- 
laciniate,  crenate,  glaucous  lobules ;  podetia  elongated-lurbinate,  some- 
what verruculose,  glabrous,  of  the  same  color  ;  scyphi  regular,  conca- 
vo-plane,  crenulate  ;  apothecia  rufous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  213.  C.  Cor- 
nucopia, Hoffm.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.   viij'-'vt- (i-|.'aS      ^•■xjusi 


48,  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

Sterile,  sandy  earth  ;  pine  woods.  North  America,  Floerke  !  Com- 
mon in  New  England,  and  fertile.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic 
America,  Hook.  Lobes  black-fibrillose  at  the  margins,  beneath,  in  the 
European  Lichen,  but  naked  in  '  warm,  dry  places,'  according  to 
Floerke,  and  in  sterile  soils,  according  to  Fries.  I  have  never  found 
fibrillose  specimens  of  our  plant. 

2.  C.  turgida,  HoffVn.  Th.  foliaceous,  erectish,  laciniate,  glaucous, 
branching  into  fruticulose,  ramose,  glabrous  podetia,  of  the  same  color ; 
the  scyphiferous  ones  turgid,  obconico-cylindrical ;  spurious  scyphi  im- 
marginate,  dentate-radiate ;   apolh.  carneo-rufescent.     jF?-.  Lic/ienogr. 

p.  214:.    Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.Wb.    Cenomyce parecha,  Ach.    '       'J-^  ,-  2  0/ 

Sterile,  moist  earth,  in  mountainous  districts,  fertile  ;  New  England. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

3.  C.  Papillaria,  Hoffm.  Th.  crustaceous,  papillose-granulate,  per- 
sistent ;  podetia  ventricose-cylindrical,  gibbous,  glabrous,  simple  or 
much  branched,  glaucous  ;  the  branches  fastigiate,  undivided  at  the 
apices,  obtuse  ;  apoth.  at  length  convex,  rufous.  Fr.  Lichejwgr.  p.  245. 
Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  5.  Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturni's  Fl.  t.  22.  Pycnothelia, 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.     Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Sterile  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts.  White  Mountains;  fer- 
tile. The  abnormal  state  with  very  short,  vesicular,  podetia,  tipped 
with  rufous-fuscous,  abortive  apothecia,  is  most  common. 

Series  2.     Fus  c  e  s  c  eni  e  s,    Fr.      Podetia  greenish-fuscous  (and 
cinerascent).     Apothecia  fuscous. 

*    Scyphiferce,  Fr.     Podetia  passing  into  a  terminal  scyphus,  closed 
with  a  diaphragm. 

4.  C.  ccBspiiicia,  Floerk.  Thallus  coespilose,  of  pale-green,  laciniate 
squamules  ;  podetia  very  short,  glabrous,  dilated  above  (and  wanting) ; 
apoth.  fuscous.    Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  8.    Cenomyce,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  247. . 

Trunks  of  trees  and  rocks,  fertile  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Hal- 
sey.     (Cf.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  218.) 

5.  C.  pyxidata,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose ;  podetia  cartilagineous-corti- 
cate,  at  length  verrucose,  or  furfuraceous,  green-cinerascent ;  the 
scyphiferous  ones  turbinate  ;  scyphi  cyathiform,  dilated  ;  apoth.  fus- 
cous. Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  216.  Cenomyce,  Ach. !  Syn.  p.  252.  — ^.  Po- 
cillum,  Ach.  ;  th.  of  large,  thickened  lobules ;  podetia  dilated  sensibly 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  49 

upward  from  a  thick  base,  verrucose  with  subsquamaceous  granules. 
Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  535. 

On  the  earth,  &c.,  very  common  and  variable ;  New  England,  and 
westward.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  North  to  the 
Saskatchawan,  &c.,  Rich.;  Greenland,  Gieseke ;  and  Melville  Island, 
R.  Br.  —  (?,  in  moist  crevices  of  rocks  in  the  mountains  of  New  Eng- 
land ;  perhaps  the  handsomest  state  of  the  species.  A  frequent  rail- 
Lichen  (Bceomyces  scolecinus,  Ach.,  Pycnothelia  scol.,  Tuckerm. 
Lich.  N.  E.)  is  a  degeneration.  Infertile  states  are  easily  confounded 
with  similar  states  of  several  other  species.  ■.. 

6.  C  gracilis,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cartilagineous-corti- 
cate,  polished  ;  scyphi  somewhat  plane  ;  apoih.  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lidten- 
ogr.  p.  218.  —  a.  verlicillata,¥r.  \  podetia  shorter,  all  scyphiferous  ; 
scyphi  dilated,  plane,  proliferous  for  the  most  part  from  the  centre.  Fr. 
I.  c.  C.  verliciUafa,  Hoffm.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  26.  — (?.  cervicornis, 
Auct. ;  th.  of  conspicuous,  elongated,  erectish,  naked,  dark-green  squa- 
mules  ;  podetia  as  in  the  next,  of  which  this  is  the  macrophylline  state. 
—  y.  hyhrida,  Fr. ;  podetia  longer  and  larger,  mostly  scyphiferous; 
scyphi  dilated,  and  commonly  proliferous  from  the  margin.  Fr.  I.  c. — 
<J.  elongata,  Fr. ;  podetia  elongated,  mostly  subulate  or  furcate  ;  scyphi 
diminished,  somewhat  concave.  Fr.  !  1.  c.  Cenomyce  gracilis,  Ach. 
Cladonia,  Hoffm.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  30.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  L  c. 
Lichen,  L.  —  *  vermicularis,  Auct.  ;  podetia  papyraceous,  prostrate, 
subulate,  subsimple,  imperforate,  white.  C.  vermicularis,  DC.  C.  su- 
buliformis,  Hoffm.  Tuckerm.  I.  c.  —  **  taurica,  Auct.  ;  podetia  papy- 
raceous, erectish,  ventricose,  ramose,  white.  C.  taurica,  Hoffm,  C. 
subuliformis,  (S.  taurica,  Tuckerm.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  most  perfect,  and  in  all  the  varieties,  on  high  moun- 
tains ;  —  ;'  being  an  alpine  state,  but  descending  ;  and  *  and  **  alpine 
degenerations.t  New  England  and  westward.  New  York  («),  Hal- 
sey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  North  to  Point  Lake,  &c,.  Rich.;  and 
Greenland,  Gieseke. 

7.  C.  degenerans,  Floerk.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cartilagineous- 
corticate,  irregularly  proliferous-ramose  (glabrous  or  granulate-furfura- 
ceous),  more  or  less  squamulose-e.xasperate,  green-pallescent,  becoming 

t  "  Apothecia  lateralia,  sparsa,  atra.  thallo  iiinata,  eoque  submarglnata,  apoth. 
Roccellte  aliquo  modo  accedenlia,"  were  observed  by  Brown  in  some  Arctic  Amer- 
ican specimens  of*  (R.  Br.  in  Parry's  First  Voy.  App.  p.  307). 

7 


50  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

blackish  and  white-spotted  at  the  base  ;  scyphi  irregular,  cristate-lacer- 
ate  ;  apoth.  fuscous.  Floerk. !  Clad.  p.  41.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  221. 
Cenomyce  gonorega,  Ach.  —  (?;  scyphi  digitately  divided  into  fastigiate 
branches,  and  becoming  carious  with  age.  Fr.  I.  c.  Cenomyce  carlo- 
sa,  Ach. 

On  the  earth ;  common  in  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     (Southward  to  Virginia,  Bill.) 

8.  Cfimhriata,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  the  whole 
membranaceous  epidermis  deliquescing  into  a  fine,  glaucous-candicant 
dust ;  scyphi  cupuleeform  with  an  erect  margin ;  apoth.  fuscous.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  222.  Lichen  Jimbriatus,  L.  —  «  ;  podetia  short,  all 
scyphiferous ;  scyphi  somewhat  dentate;  apoth.  simple.  Fr.  I.  c.  Dill. 
Muse.  t.  14,  f.  8.  Lichen  Jimbriatus,  «,  L.  —  /5.  tuiaformis,  Fr. ;  po- 
detia elongated,  mostly  scyphiferous  ;  scyphi  somewhat  entire  ;  apoth. 
symphycarpeous.  Fr.l.c.  Lichen  Jimbriatus,  ^,  L.  —  y.  radiata,FT.; 
podetia  elongated,  subulate,  or  the  scyphi  proliferous-subulate,  or  oblit- 
erated and  radiate-fimbriate.    Fr.  I.  c.    Lichen  Jimbriatus,  y,  L. 

On  the  earth,  common  in  mountainous  districts,  and  fertile  ;  New 
England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Northward  to 
Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  C.  cornuta,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  somewhat 
ventricose,  the  epidermis  cartilagineous  and  persistent  below,  membra- 
naceous and  becoming  powdery-deliquescent  above  ;  scyphi  narrowed, 
rather  plane,  with  an  incurved,  somewhat  entire  margin ;  apoth.  fus- 
cous.   Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  225.    Lichen  cornutus,  L. 

Trunks  among  mosses,  dead  wood,  &c.,  in  the  mountains  of  New 
England  ;  fertile. 

10.  C.  decorlicata,  Floerk.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  slender,  cy- 
lindrical, the  submembranaceous  epidermis  separating  into  furfuraceous 
scales,  pulverulent  ;  scyphi  narrowed  or  obsolete  ;  apoth.  fuscous. 
Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  10.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  226.  —  (S.  syviphycarpea,  Fr. ; 
podetia  somewhat  simple  ;  apoth.  symphycarpeous.  Fr.  I.  c.  —  y.  {ra- 
mosa),  Fr. ;  podetia  branched,  subulate,  sterile.    Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  in  mountainous  districts.  White  Mountains;  fertile. 
Distinguishable  from  similar  decorticate,  symphycarpeous  states  of  C. 
py.xidata  by  its  pulverulence. 

**  Pervice,  Fr.     Podetia  not  passing  into  closed  scyphi,  but  the  axils 


f 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  51 

and  apices  dilated-infundibuliform,  or  simply  perforate  in  the  more 
slender,  much-branched  forms. 

11.  C  cenotea,  Scha;r.  Th.  squamulose,  dissected;  podetia  di- 
chotomous-brachiate,  membranaceous-corticate,  at  length  finely  glau- 
cous-pruinose ;  axils  and  fertile  apices  dilated,  infundlbuliform,  with 
incurved  margins  ;  '  apoth.  sessile,  from  pale  becoming  fuscous.'  Fr.  ! 
Lichenogr.  {sub  C.  Irachiata),  p.  228.  C.  cenolea,  Schcer.  Spicil.  p. 
35.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  135.  Bceomyces  dein  Cenomyce,  Ach.  —  a  ;  tur- 
gid ;  axils  and  apices  as  above.  Fr.  I.  c.  —  /S.  furcellata,  Fr. ;  slender, 
fruticulose  ;  branches  subulate,  axils  perforate.    Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  in  mountainous  districts.  White  Mountains ;  as  yet 
infertile. 

12.  C.  parasitica,  Schser.  Th.  squamulose,  narrowly  erose-lacini- 
ate  and  granulate-pulverulent ;  -podetia  delicate,  at  length  besprinkled 
with  scales  and  granules,  divided  above  into  short,  somewhat  incrassat- 
ed  branches  ;  apoth.  minute  (often  symphycarpeous),  fuscous.  Schcer.  ! 
Spicil.  p.  37.  Lichen  parasiticus,  Hoffm.  C.  delicata,  Floerk.  !  Clad. 
p.  7.     C  squamosa,  var.  delicata,  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  231. 

Decaying  logs,  common  in  mountainous  districts ;  New  England. 
Penns3'lvania,  Muhl.     (Cf.  Fries,  I.  c.) 

13.  C.  squamosa,  Hoffm.  Th.  squamulose,  dissected,  often  some- 
what pulverulent ;  podetia  branched,  lacunose,  at  length  decorticate, 
and  exasperate  with  squamaceous  granules  ;  axils  pervious,  denticulate ; 
apoth.  cymose,  fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  231.  —  a.  venlricosa,  Fr. ; 
podetia  ventricose  ;  axils  and  apices  dilated-infundibuliform.  Fr.  !  I.  c. 
Cenomyce  sparassa,  Ach.  Cladonia,  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  129.  — §.  atten- 
uala,  Fr. ;  podetia  more  slender,  attenuate,  axils  pervious,  apices  subu- 
late.   Fr. !  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  logs,  and  stones,  most  perfect  and  frequent 
in  mountainous  districts ;  New  England. 

14.  CfurccUa,  Floerk.  Th.  squamulose,  somewhat  dissected;  po- 
detia dichotomous-fruticulose,  cartilagineous-corticate,  polished,  green- 
ish-fuscous ;  a.wls  and  fertile  apices  pervious ;  apoth.  pedicellate,  from 
pale  becoming  fuscous.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  229.  Floerk.  Clad.  p.  141. 
—  a.  crispata,  Fl. ;  turgid  ;  a.xi!s  and  apices  infundlbuliform.  Floerk.  ! 
I.  c.  p.  148.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  —  §.  crislata,  Fr. ;  somewhat  turgid  ;  obliquely 
dilated  and  fimbriate-cristate  at  the  axils  ;  the  apices  cristate-ramulose. 


■    ST^BS 


63  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    StM^S 

Fr.  I.  c.  Dill.  Muse.  p.  544,  &  Icon,  t.  82,  /.  1.  — ;'.  racemosa, 
Floerk. ;  podetia  elongated,  turgescent,  ramose,  and,  as  well  as  the  ax- 
ils, gaping ;  branches  recurved  or  erect,  fertile  ones  explanate.  Floerk.  ! 
I.  c.  p.  152.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  —  S.  subulata,  Floerk.  ;  podetia  elongated,  more 
slender,  with  subpertuse  axils  ;  apices  of  the  fertile  ones  cloven  ;  branch- 
es erectish,  or  also  recurved,  or  divergent.  Floerk.  I  I.  c.  p.  143.  Fr. 
I-  c. —  £.  pungens,  Ach.  ;  small,  csespitose,  very  much  and  intricately 
branched,  fragile,  pallescent  or  whitish-cinereous.  Fr.  I.  c.  C.  pungens, 
Floerk.  I.  c.  p.  156.     C.  rangiformis,  Hoffm. 

On  the  earth,  common  ;  most  perfect  in  mountainous  regions;  New 
England  to  Ohio.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. — j3. 
Pennsylvania,  Dill.  —  e.  Greenland,  Floerke. 

15.  C.  rangiferina,  Hoffm.  Th.  crustaceous,  evanescent ;  podetia 
fruticulose,  trichotomously  and  very  much  branched,  somewhat  tomen- 
tose,  cinerascent ;  axils  subperforate ;  sterile  apices  nodding,  fertile 
ones  erect,  cymose  ;  apoth.  fuscous.  Fr.  Lickenogr.  p.  243.  Floerk.  ! 
Clad.  p.  160. — /?.  sylvatica,  Floerk.;  slender,  smoother,  pale-straw- 
colored.  Floerk.  Clad.  p.  1C7.  Fr.  I.  c.  —  y.  alpeslris,  Floerk. ;  soft- 
ish,  the  branches  and  branchlets  very  densely  thyrsoid-entangled. 
Floerk.  Clad.  p.  165.    Fr.  I  c. 

On  the  earth,  common  everywhere,  and  fertile ;  New  England. 
New  York  («,  ^,  and  y),  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Dill.  Northward  to 
Canada,  Michaux ;  Greenland,  Giesefie ;  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  Amer- 
ica, Rich.,  R.  Br. 

Series  3.  Ochroleuca,  Fr.  Podetia  ochroleucous  ;  at  length 
fuscous-cerulescent  at  the  base.  Apothecia  somewhat  livid-flesh- 
colored,  lutescent  within. 

16.  C.  carneola,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose ;  podetia  membranaceous- 
corticate,  at  length  finely  pulverulent,  ochroleucous,  becoming  fuscous- 
cerulescent  at  the  base,  the  scyphiferous  ones  turbinate ;  apoth.  pale- 
flesh-colored  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  233  —  «  ;  podetia  turbi- 
nate, all  scyphiferous,  simple  or  proliferous.  Fr.  I.  c.  —  /S;  podetia 
elongated-turbinate,  with  radiate,  subulate  prolificatiflns.  Fr.  I.  c.  — 
y.  cydnipes,  Fr. ;  podetia  very  long,  cylindrical,  simple,  or  the  scyphl 
obliterated  and  passing  into  somewhat  divaricate,  sterilescent  branches. 
Fr.  I.  c.    Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturm''s  Fl.  t.  13. 

On  the  earth  ;  Arctic  America.     Greenland,  Fries.  » 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  53 

17.  C.  Despreauxii,  Bory  ms.  Th.  evanescent ;  podetia  elongated, 
slender,  cartilagineous-corticate,  the  epidermis  separating  below  into 
bluish-white  squamules^gnd  becoming  above  finely  granulate  (not  pul- 
verulent), pale  sulphureous,  becoming  bluish-fuscescent  at  the  base  ; 
scyphi  narrow,  proliferous-radiate,  or  passing  into  and  obliterated  in 
sterilescent  branchlets  ;  apoth.  minute,  pale-flesh-colored  fuscescent. 
Cenomyce  Despreauxii,  Bory,  Jide  schedul.  in  herb.  Berol. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  White  Mountains.  Newfoundland, 
Bory!  %  S 

IS.  C.  amaurocrcBa,  Floerk.  Th.  crustaceous,  evanescexit ;  pode- 
tia elongated,  slender,  polished,  somewhat  curved-dS|M|K|^.  pale- 
straw-colored  ;  apices  fuscous-black,  those  of  the  steri^^^^Hf^ueu- 
late,  variously  branched,  of  the  scyphiferous  ones  irr^^^^^prolifer- 
ous-branched  ;  scyphi  narrow,  oblique,  margin  dentate-radiate  ;  apoth. 
pale-flesh-colored  fuscescent.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  1 19.  Cenomyce  oxy- 
ceras,  Ach.  Syn.  , 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  White  Mountains,  very  luxuriant 
and  fertile.  Greenland,  Floerke,  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

19.  C.  Botrytis,  HoffVn.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  car- 
tilagineous-corticate, verruculose,  ochroleucous  ;  somewhat  divided  into 
subfastigiate  branches  ;  apoth.  pale-flesh-colored  and  pallescent.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  234. 

On  the  earth,  and  decaying  logs.     New  York,  Halsey. 

20.  C.  uncialis,  Fr.  Th.  crustaceous,  evanescent ;  podetia  fruticu- 
lose,  dichotomous,  smooth,  greenish-straw-colored  ;  axils  subperforate ; 
sterile  apices  erect,  blackish,  fertile  ones  digitate-radiate  ;  apoth.  at  first 
pale-flesh-colored,  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  244.  Ach.  Syn.  p. 
276.  C.  stellala,  Schcer.  !  Spicil.  1,  p.  42  {excl.  d).  Floerk.  !  Clad. 
p.  171.  —  «.  humilior ;  shorter,  more  slender,  and  smooth,  somewhat 
attenuate,  the  axils  often  imperforate.  Fr.  I.  c.  Cenomyce  uncialis, 
Ach.  Lichenogr.  Lichen  uncialis,  Auct. —  /S.  adunca,  Ach.;  taller, 
somewhat  turgid,  incrassated  above  ;  branches  short,  stellate-patent,  the 
fertile  ones  cymose  ;  axils  gaping.  Ach.  I.  c.  p.  277.  Fr.  I.  c.  (a.) 
C  biuncialis,  Hnffm.  C.  adunca,  Ach.  Lichenogr.  —  y.  turgescens, 
SchcEr.  ;  softish,  turgid-incrassated,  the  branches  subtruncate,  fastigi- 
ate.     Schmr.  Spicil.  1,  p.  308.    Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth  :  a,  sands,  and  sterile  pine  woods  (fertile  .') ;  — (i,  in 


54  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

similar  places,  fertile;  and  abundant  also  in  mountainous  districts;  — 
y,  alpine  and  subalpine  regions  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania  (a  and  /J),  Muhl.     Canada  {^),^Michaux. 

21.  C  Boryi,  Tuckerm.  Th.  (crustaceous)  evanescent;  podetia 
turgid,  fruticulose,  dichotomous,  fastigiate-ramose,  rugulose  becoming 
reticulate-perforate,  pale  sulphureous  and  glaucescent ;  axils  scyphi- 
form,  entire,  at  length  cribrose-perfprate  ;  sterile  apices  scyphiform, 
cristate-dentate,  entire  becoming  cribrose,  with  fuscous  tips  ;  fertile 
ones  somewhat  cyijffcse-radiate  ;  apoth.  flesh-colored,  at  length  dark- 
fuscous.  C  uncialis,  var.  reticulata,  Russell,  in  Essex  Jour.  Nat.  Hist. 
TuckermJ^^tm^  Lich.  N.  Amer.  p.  53,  excl.  syn. — /S.  lacunosa  ;  po- 
detia it^^^^fel,  obtusish,  lacunose-subperforate,  glaucous  ;  axils  and 
apices  sra^^Brscyphiform,  sparingly  subdentate.  Cenomyce  lacunosa, 
Bory,  Jiaesclied.  in  lierh.  Berol. 

On  the  earth,  near  the  sea,  fertile  ;  Hingham,  Duxbury,  Mr.  Russell! 
and  elsewhq^ e  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts,  Dr.  Porter  !  Mr.  Oakes  ! 
—  /J,  alpine  and  montane  districts,  infertile  ;  White  Mountains.  Mo- 
nadnoc,  BMSseZZ.'  Newfoundland,  5or!/ .'  I  have  endeavoured  to  point 
out  the  features  that  seem  to  distinguish  this  remarkable  Lichen  from 
C.  uncialis,  but  it  is  possible  that  the  conclusion  of  its  original  indica- 
tor may  be  correct.  The  podetia  become  very  turgid,  and  at  length 
often  explanate,  measuring  in  one  of  my  specimens  eight  lines  in  di- 
ameter at  the  base,  and  five  where  the  branches  begin.  The  Nevr- 
foundland  specimen,  and  our  alpine  ones,  belong  to  an  apparently 
sterile,  subalpine  state  of  the  Lichen. 

Series  4.      CoccifercB,    Fr.     Podetia  greenish,  becoming  fulves- 

cent  at  the  base.    Apothecia  scarlet. 

*    Podetia  cartilagineous-corticate,  never  finely  pulverulent. 

22.  C.  cornucopioides,Fr.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cartilagineous- 
corticate,  from  glabrous  becoming  verrucose  or  granulate-subpulveru- 
lent,  yellowish,  at  length  cinereous-green  ;  the  scyphiferous  ones  elon- 
gated-turbinate,  attenuate  below  ;  scyphi  cyathiform,  dilated  ;  apoth. 
scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  236.  Lichen  cornucopioides,  L.  Fl.  Suec. 
Cenomyce  coccifera,  Ach.  Cladonia,  Hoffm.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  89. 
Lichen  cocciferus,  L.  part.    Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturm's  Fl.  tt.  23,  24, 25. 

On  the  earth.  Very  frequent  in  mountainous  districts,  but  often  in- 
fertile ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
North  to  the  Saskatchawan,  &c.,  Rich.,  and  Greenland,  Gieseke. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  55 

23.  C.  beUidifora,  Schter.  Th.  of  minute,  dissected  squamules ;  po- 
detia  cartilagineous-corticate,  elongated,  ventricose-cylindrical,  glabrous, 
becoming  at  length  densely  clothed  with  dissected  squamules,  yellowish, 
at  length  cinereous-green ;  scyphi  e.xtremely  narrow  ;  apoth.  (often 
conglomerate,  or  symphycarpeous),  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  237. 
SchcBr. !  Spicil.  p.  21.     Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  95. 

On  the  earth,  in  alpine  districts  ;  White  Mountains.  Greenland, 
Floerke. 

24.  C.  Hookeri,  Tuckerm.  Th.  of  rather  thick,  large,  ascendant 
squamules;  podetia  cartilagineous-corticate,  elongated,  cylindrical,  gla- 
brous, becoming  at  length  squamulose,  sulphur-yellow  ;  ^i||l^  cupute- 
form  ;  apoth.  scarlet.  IM^ 

On  the  earth  ;  Newfoundland,  Herh.  Hook.  !  This  brau'tiful  species 
resembles  C.  deformis  in  some  respects,  but  belongs  to  the  present  sub- 
division, and  seems  very  distinct  from  every  other  scarlet-fruited  Cla- 
donia  with  which  I  am  acquainted.  I  venture  to  inscribe  it  to  the  illus- 
trious botanist  who  first  proposed  a  complete  survey  of  the  cryptogamy 
of  British  America,  and  who  has  done  more  than  any  other  to  illus- 
trate it. 

25.  C.Floerkiana,  Fr.  Th.  squamulose;  podetia  cartilagineous- 
corticate,  cylindrical,  slender,  glabrous,  becoming  at  length  granulate- 
verrucose  or  squamose-decorticate,  greenish  and  pallescent,  nigrescent 
at  the  base  ;  scyphi  passing  into  somewhat  digitate,  fastigiate  branch- 
es ;  apoth.  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  238.  Floerk.  Clad.  p.  99.  Li- 
chen digilatus,  E.  Bat.  t.  2439.  Icones,  Bill.  Muse.  t.  15,  /.  19,  c. 
Laur.  in  Sturm's  Fl.  t.  14,  d. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  logs,  dead  wood,  and  rocks,  common  and  fer- 
tile ;  New  England. 

*•    Epidermis  of  the  podetia  membranaceous,  dissolving  into  a  fine 

dust. 

26.  C.  macilenta,  Hofim.  Th.  squamulose ;  podetia  cylindrical, 
slender,  membranaceous-corticate  above,  becoming  hoary-pulverulent ; 
scyphi  narrow,  tubseform  with  an  erect  margin,  or  obsolete ;  apoth. 
scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  241.  —  «.  Jllifonnis,  Fr. ;  podetia  very  slen- 
der ;  scyphus  narrow,  entire,  or  obliterated  by  a  symphycarpeous  apo- 

Jhecium.    Fr.tl.c.     C.  JUiformis,  Schcer. .'  Spicil.  p.  19.     Tuckerm. 
Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.    Cenomyce  lacillaris,  Ach.    C.  polydaciyla,  Floerk.  ! 

• 


56;  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

Clad.  p.  108. — /?.  clavata,  Fr. ;    podetia  ventricose,  subulate  at  the 
apices  or  branched,  substerile.    Fr.  I.  c. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  logs,  dead  wood,  and  rocks  ;  common  in 
mountainous  districts,  and  fertile  ;  New  England.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
Ochrocarpous  states  of  this  species,  in  which  the  bright  scarlet  of  the 
apothecia  is  changed  to  a  pale  yellow,  occur  in  our  mountains,  but  less 
frequently  than  similar  forms  of  C.  Floerkiana. 

27.  C.  digitata,  Hoffm.  Th.  squamulose  ;  podetia  cylindrical,  be- 
coming ochroleucous-pulverulent  above ;  scyphi  narrowed,  with  an  in- 
curved, entire  margin,  becoming  at  length  ampliate,  and  the  margin 
somewhat  proliferous-palmate  ;  apoth.  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  240. 
Sclicer. !  Spicil.  p.  22.  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  102.  Lichen  digitatus,  L. 
Icon,  Laur:  in  Sluriji's  Fl.  t.  15,  16.  —  a.  plalyphyllina  ;  lobules  of 
the  thallus  dilated,  somewhat  entire  ;  scyphi  mostly  entire.  Fr.  I.  c.  — 
(?.  microp7iylli7ia ;  squamules  of  the  thallus  rather  small ;  scyphi  mostly 
palmate-ramose.     Fr.  I.  c. 

Decaying  trunks,  and  moist  earth  among  mosses,  in  mountainous  dis- 
tricts, fertile ;  New  England. 

28.  C.  deformis,  Hoffm.  Th.  squamulose ;  podetia  elongated,  cy- 
lindrical or  ventricose,  becoming  sulphureous-pulverulent  above  ;  scyphi 
somewhat  narrow,  becoming  at  length  cupulseform  and  dilated,  with 
an  erect,  crenate-dentate  margin  ;  apoth.  scarlet.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
239.     Schcer.  !  Spicil.  p.  23.   C.  crenulata,  Floerk.  !  Clad.  p.  105. 

On  the  earth,  common  upon  mountains,  a  conspicuous  Lichen,  fer- 
tile ;  New  England.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Green- 
land, Floerke. 

29.  C.  sulphur ina,  Michx.  (sub  Scyphoph.).  Podetia  simple, at  first 
very  simply  and  slightly  scyphiform,  thick,  submembranaceous,  at 
length  subclavate-elongated,  smooth,  the  apices  finally  irregularly  sub- 
divided, and  rimose-perforale,  hoary-sulphureous  ;  fertile  scyphi  small ; 
apoth.  confluent,  black-fuscous.  Scyphophorus  sulphurinus,  Michx.  Fl. 
2,  p.  328.     Cenomyce,  Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  557.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  265. 

On  the  earth,  Canada,  Michaux  !  Fries.  This  is  the  "  Lichen  coc- 
ciferus;  major.  Dill.  t.  14,  f.  6,  M,"  of  Michau.x's  herbarium,  the  speci- 
mens appearing  to  me,  at  the  time  I  examined  them,  to  resemble  some 
states  of  C.  deformis.  Fries  observes  incidentally  (Lichenogr.  p.  237) 
upon  Canada  specimens  (' specimina  authentica  Canadensia')  of  Mi» 
chaux's  Lichen,  that  the  podetia  do  not  become  squamulose,  that  it  has 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  57 

infundibuliform  and  not  true  scyphi,  and  much  of  the  habit  of  C.  unci- 
alis  ;  thus  distinguishing  it  from  C.  bellidiflora,  to  which  Floerke  referred 
it.  It  is  probable  that  the  "Bseomyces  tubulosus,  Richard.  Canada," 
of  Herb.  Willd. !  which  also  appeared  to  me  to  resemble  C.  deformis, 
belongs  to  Michaux's  species,  and  in  this  case  the  thallus  is  squamulose, 
and  the  podetia  are  finely  pulverulent  above.  It  appears  certain  that 
the  C.  sulphurina  of  Fries  is  not  the  C.  Hookeri  of  this  Enumeration. 
The  species  is  also  common  in  North  Carolina,  according  to  Fries,  who 
received  his  specimens  from  Schweinitz. 

XIV.    BiEOMYCES,  Fr. 

Apothecia  from  the  first  globose,  immarginate,  velate,  at  length  emp- 
ty and  araneous  within,  the  base  closely  surrounding  a  stipe.  Thallus 
crustaceous,  uniform,  protruding  fertile  stipes,  which  are  destitute  of  a 
cortical  stratum. 

The  structure  of  Bseomyces  roseus  has  been  illustrated  very  minute- 
ly by  Dr.  Kiittlinger  (Allg.  Bot.  Zeit.  1845,  pp.  577-584,  &  t.  vi.). 

B.  roseus,  Pers.  Crust  verrucose,  glaucous ;  stipes  short,  cylindrical ; 
apothecia  subglobose,  flesh-colored.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  246. 

Sterile  clay-soils,  and  sands  ;  New  England  ;  and  abundant  also  on 
the  sterile  surfaces  of  slides  in  the  White  Mountains.  New  York,  Tor- 
rey.     Pennsylvania,  Mulil. 

m 

XV.     BIATORA,  Fr. 

Apothecia  margined  at  first  by  a  waxy  thalline  exciple  converted 
into  a  proper  exciple,  becoming  at  length  hemispherical  or  globose, 
subimmarginate,  solid,  and  cephaloid.  Disk  at  length  dilated,  turgid, 
concealing  the  paler  margin,  placed  upon  a  stratum  oftener  paler,  never 
coal-black.  Thallus  horizontal,  arising  from  a  hypothallus,  somewhat 
crustaceous,  efiigurate,  or  uniform.  Podetia  wanting,  but  the  apothe- 
cia stipitate  in  a  few  species.  The  margin  of  the  apothecia  never 
originally  black.    Fr. 

Sect.  I.     Thallus  squamose,  or  lobed  at  the  circumference.     * 

*    Apothecia  sessile. 
1.  B.  decipiens,  Fr.     Scales  of  the  thallus  discrete,  somewhat  pel- 
tate, angulate,  dark-fiesh-colored  ;  beneath  and  at  the  circumference 
8 


OS  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

white  ;  apothecia  marginal,  adnate,  somewhat  immarginate,  blackish, 
white  within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  252.    Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  52. 

On  the  earth,  especially  in  alpine  districts.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
Pennsylvania,  MuJil. 

2.  B.  glohifera,  Fr.  Th.  squamose,  imbricate,  greenish-chestnut, 
somewhat  shining  ;  scales  reniform,  rugose,  lobate  ;  apolh.  elevated, 
globose,  somewhat  immarginate,  from  rufous  becoming  black,  whitish 
within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  255.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  51.  Icon, 
Laur.  in  Sturm's  Fl.  t.  26. 

Clefts  and  depressions  of  rocks.  North  America,  Ach.  Pennsylva- 
nia, Muhl.     New  York,  Halsey. 

3.  B.  rufo-nigra,  Tuckerm.  Th.  squamose,  imbricate,  from  pale  ru- 
fous becoming  blackish  ;  scales  irregularly  suborbiculate,  ascending, 
crenate-lobate  ;  apoth.  adnate,  plane,  obtusely  margined,  atrorufous,  at 
length  convex,  black.  Placodium  sp.  nov.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  1.  c. 
1838. 

Rocks  ;  near  Boston.  Scales  of  the  thallus  small,  obscure  to  the 
naked  eye. 

4.  B.  atro-rufa,  Fr.  Th.  crustaceous,  smoothish,  adnate,  at  first  con- 
tiguous, becoming  at  length  areolate,  cinereous-fuscescent ;  black  be- 
neath ;  at  the  circumference  foliaceous-lobate  ;  apoth.  applanate-adnate, 
rufous-fuscous,  whitish  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  255.  Lecidea,  Ach. 
Lichenogr.  p.  200. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.     White  Mountains. 

•*   Apothecia  stipitate,  margin  at  length  revolute. 

5.  B.  placophylla,  Fr.  Th.  subcrustaceous,  orbicular,  corrugated, 
glaucous-virescent,  at  the  circumference  foliaceous,  lobes  rounded,  and 
crenate  ;  white  beneath  ;  apoth.  stipitate,  pileiform,  rufous-fuscous  ; 
stipes  thick,  compressed,  longitudinally  rugulose.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
257.  BcBomyces,  Ach.  Meih.  p.  323,  ^-  Icon,  t.  7,  /.  4.  Lich.  Univ. 
p.  574. 

On  sandy,  sterile  earth  ;  slides,  and  banks  of  streams,  in  the  White 
Mountains. 

6.  B.  Byssoides,  Ft,  -Th.  crustaceous,  effuse,  granulose,  greenish- 
glaucous,  squamulose  at  the  circumference;  hypoth.  fibriUose,  white  ; 
apoth.  substipitate,  pileiform,  from   flesh-colored    becoming  fuscous ; 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  59 

Stipes  rather  short,  somewhat  compressed,  corticate  with  the  ascending 
granules  of  the  crust  or  naked,  often  subdivided  at  the  apex.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  257.  Bceomyces  rupestris,  Ach.  Lich.  p.  573.  B.  riifus, 
Wahl.  B.  Bi/ssoides,  Schar.  —  «.  Fr. ;  granules  of  the  crust  subsqua- 
maceous,  crenulate  (and  deliquescent),  greenish-glaucous.  Fr.  J.  c. — 
fi.  rupestris,  Fr.  ;  cr.  thin,  smoothish,  subcontiguous  (or  powdery); 
apoth.  smaller.  Fr.  1.  c.  Baom.  rupestris,  Pers. — y.  lignatilis,  Fr. ; 
cr.  rugose,  cinereous-giaucescent;  apoth.  subsessile,  fuscous-black.  Fr. 
1.  c.    BcEom.  lignorum,  Pers. 

Common  in  mountainous  districts  :  a,  sterile  sandy  and  clayey  soils  ; 
slides,  banks  of  streams,  and  road-sides,  in  the  mountains  of  New  Eng- 
land.—  (?,  rocks  in  mountain  forests.  New  England.  New  York,  Hal- 
sey. — /,  decaying  wood,  in  similar  situations  with  the  last,  apothecia 
almost  sessile.  The  three  varieties  occur  often  in  close  neighbourhood 
at  the  White  Mountains.  This  species,  Stereocaulon  Fibula,  and  S. 
aciculare  illustrate  the  connection  of  Stereocaulon  with  the  sessile  Bi- 
atorse.  The  difference  of  structure,  indicated  by  Fries  as  generically 
distinguishing  Boeomyces  roseus  from  this  and  the  last  species,  referred 
to  Bseomyces  by  Acharius,  has  been  further  illustrated  by  Dr.  Kuttling- 
er  in  Allg.  Bot.  Zeit.  1845,  1.  c. 

Sect.  II.    Thallus  effuse,  uniform. 

7.  B.  icmadopliila,  Fr.  Crust  tartareous,  granulate,  greenish-glau- 
cous; hypothallus  white;  apothecia  (large)  softish,  incarnate,  exciple 
cupular,  with  a  thin,  evanescent  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  258.  Le- 
cidea,  Ach.    Bceomyces,  DC. 

Decaying  wood  in  mountain  forests,  and  on  the  earth  ;  ascending  to 
alpine  districts ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania, 
Muld.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Apothecia  sometimes  a  little  stipitate 
in  ours,  as  in  the  European  Lichen. 

8.  B.  vernalis,  Fr.  Cr.  of  minute,  glaucescent  granules,  arising 
from  a  membranaceous,  whitish  hypothallus  ;  apoth.  at  length  subglo- 
bose,  clustered,  flesh-colored,  and  fulvous-ferrugineous.  Lecidea  ver- 
nalis, Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  183.    L.  luteola,  Ach. 

Trunks  in  mountain  forests,  growing  over  mosses ;  New  England. 
New  York,  Halsey.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  B.  pineti,  Fr.  Cr.  very  thin,  granulose,  greenish-glaucescent ; 
apoth.  (minute)   sessile,  whitish;  disk  becoming  at  length  yellowish- 


60  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

flesh-colored,  finally  falling  out  and  the  apothecia  urceolate.    Lecidea, 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  42.    Hook.  Br.  Fl.  I.  c.    Biatora,  Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scancl. 
Scales  of  fir-bark,  and  on  the  earth.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

10.  B.  sanguineo-atra,  Fr.  Cr.  thin,  membranaceous,  effuse,  whit- 
ish-cinerous,  becoming  granulose;  apoth.  sanguineous,  with  an  obscure 
paler  margin,  at  length  black.  Fr.  Su?nm.  Fl-  Scand.  B.  vernalis, 
/?.  sanguineo-atra,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  263. 

Trunks  and  rocks,  growing  over  mosses,  in  mountainous  districts ; 
New  England. 

11.  B.  carneola.  Ft.  Cr.  confused  with  the  hypothallus,  cartilagin- 
eous-membranaceous,  glaucescent,  at  length  granulate-pulverulent  ; 
apoth.  sessile,  concave,  naked,  from  reddish-flesh-colored  becoming 

*fuscous,  exciple  cupular,  with  an  elevated,  at  length  evanescent,  paler 
margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  264.    Lecidea,  Ach. 

Trunks  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Apothecia  somewhat 
larger  in  my  specimens  than  in  the  European  Lichen. 

12.  B.  spadicea,  Ach.  (sub  Lecid.).  Cr.  cartilagineous-membrana- 
ceous,  granulate,  glaucescent ;  apoth.  thick,  margin  very  finely  rugu- 
lose,  at  length  somewhat  convex  and  excluding  the  margin,  light-chest- 
nut becoming  blackish,  within  of  the  same  color.  Lecidea  spadicea, 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  34. 

Trunks  ;  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.,  Ach.  Southward.  Fries  considers 
this  scarcely  distinct  from  the  last.  (Lichenogr.  p.  264.) 

13.  B.  cinnaiarina,  Sommerf.  Cr.  confused  with  the  hypothallus, 
cartilagineous,  uneven,  glaucous  becoming  whitish  ;  apoth.  appressed, 
cinnabar-red,  naked,  becoming  at  length  convex,  and  immarginate.  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  266.    Lecidea,  Sommerf.  Vet.  Ac.  Handl.  1S23  (e  Fr.). 

Trunks.  Greenland,  Fries.  Lecidea  coccinea,  Schicein.  in  Hals. 
Lich.  N.  Y.  I.  c.  1824,  which  cannot,  by  the  description,  be  distin- 
guished from  this,  occurs  in  New  York,  Halsey,  and  appears  to  extend 
to  N.  Carolina  !  {Mr.  Curtis). 

14.  B.  chlorantha,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  of  discrete,  subsquamaceous-ver- 
rucose  granules,  bright  green,  and  white  within  (or  deliquescent  soredi- 
iferous)  ;  apoth.  somewhat  elevated,  becoming  plane,  and  at  length 
convex,  with  a  thick,  flexuous,  paler  margin  ;  within  white  ;  disk  ni- 
grescent. 

Bark  of  Pinus  Strobus,  and  other  trees  ;  New  England.     Resem- 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  61 

bling  Lecidea  enteroleuca,  but  with  a  different  crust,  and,  I  think,  the 
apothecia  of  the  present  genus. 

15.  B.  decolorans,  Fr.  Cr.  tartareous,  confused  with  the  hypothal- 
lus,  areolate-granulose,  glaucescent ;  apoth.  appressed,  naked,  from 
flesh-colored  becoming  fuscous  and  black,  with  a  thin,  elevated,  paler 
margin  ;  finally  convex  and  irregular,  and  the  margin  disappearing. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  266.  Lecidea,  dein  Lecanora  granulosa,  Ach.  Le- 
cidea decolorans,  Floerk.    Ach.  Syn. 

On  the  earth,  and  decaying  wood,  in  mountainous  regions ;  New 
England.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

16.  B.  anomala,  Fr.  Cr.  confused  with  the  white  hypothallus,  at 
length  granulose,  white-cinerascent ;  apoth.  becoming  hemispherical- 
globose,  somewhat  hyaline-livid,  at  length  fuscescent  and  black,  margin 
very  thin,  evanescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  269.  li^canora  commutata, 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  149. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  &c.  New  York,  Halsey.  An  obscure  species. 
Nomen  omen.  Fr. 

17.  B.  mixta,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  confused  with  the  hypothallus, 
rugose-verrucose,  milky-glaucescent ;  apoth.  adnate,  exciple  annular, 
disk  at  first  plane,  pruinose,  flesh-colored  or  livid,  becoming  at  length 
turgid,  fuscous,  and  black,  and  excluding  the  obtuse  margin.  Fr.!  Li- 
chenogr. p.  268.  Lecidea  anomala,  Ach.  part.  Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E. 
he. 

Trunks,  and  dead  wood.     New  England. 

18.  B.  porphyrins,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  subcartilagineous,  smooth, chinky, 
at  length  rugose,  glaucescent  (and  greenish-sorediiferous) ;  white  with- 
in ;  apoth.  elevated  on  a  white  thalline  stratum  which  constitutes  an 
evanescent  spurious  margin,  or  sessile  ;  disk  at  first  somewhat  plane, 
pruinose,  with  a  thick,  elevated  margin,  at  length  convex,  and  exclud- 
ing the  margin,  fuscous-nigrescent. 

Trunks,  in  the  mountains  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 
Near  to  B.  mixta,  but  as  that  is  one  of  the  smallest,  this  is  the  largest 
Biatora  that  I  am  acquainted  with.  Several  apothecia  sometimes  oc- 
cupy the  same  thalline  stratum,  as  in  B.  ochrophsea  and  B.  aurantiaca. 
With  age  the  apothecia  become  flexuous,  and  very  large,  a  single  ex- 
ciple having  sometimes  a  diameter  of  two  lines. 

19.  B.  ochrophaa,  Tuckernj.     Cr.  subcartilagineous,  thickish,  gran- 


62  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

ulate-verrucose  and  somewhat  plicate,  glaucescent  ;  hypoth.  pale ; 
apoth.  elevated-subpedicellate  on  a  thalline  stratum,  which  constitutes 
a  thick,  subcrenulate,  at  length  evanescent  spurious  margin  ;  disk 
plane,  delicately  pruinate,  at  length  convex,  and  excluding  its  thin, 
elevated,  proper  margin,  from  pale  flesh-colored  becoming  blackish- 
fuscous. 

Trunks  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  Northern  New  England, 
common.  Apothecia  at  first  closed,  and  either  sessile  (when  some 
states  resemble  Parmelia  carneo-lutea,  Turn.)  or  elevated  on  a  protu- 
berant thalline  stratum,  at  length  lacerate-dehiscent  and  becoming  plane, 
with  a  thick,  crenulate  thalline  margin,  which  disappears,  leaving  the 
marginate  disk.  It  has  often  all  the  aspect  of  a  Parmelia,  not  a  little 
resembling  P.  rubra.  Is  the  structure  of  the  apothecia  in  the  last-men- 
tioned species,  and  in  P.  carneo-lutea,  wholly  diverse  from  the  structure 
above  described  of  the  present .' 

20.  B.  russula,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  subcartilagineous,  rimose-areolate, 
and  granulate,  glaucescent  (often  greenish-soredliferous) ;  apoth.  ele- 
vated on  a  thalline  stratum  which  constitutes  a  thick,  mostly  entire  spu- 
rious margin,  becoming  convex,  and  excluding  the  obscure  proper  mar- 
gin, fuscous-reddish.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  40.  Lecanora,  Fee,  Crypt. 
Exot.  p.  116. 

Trunks  of  cedars  on  the  coast  of  New  England.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl.     Extending  to  the  tropics. 

21.  B.  rivulosa,  Fr.  Cr.  tartareous,  mouse-colored  and  paler,  cov- 
ering a  fuscous-black  hypothallus,  which  often  decussates  the  crust ; 
apoth.  produced  from  the  crust,  from  pale-fuscous  becoming  blackish, 
whitish  within,  with  a  thin  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  271.  Lecidea, 
Ach.    Lecanora  falsaria,  Ach. 

Rocks,  especially  in  mountainous  districts ;  New  England.  Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

22.  B.  exigua,  Chaub.  Cr.  of  minute,  confluent  granules,  smooth, 
cartilagineous,  cinereous-greenish ;  decussated  by  lines  of  the  black 
hypothallus;  apoth.  submarginate,  from  pale-yellowish  becoming  fus- 
cous. Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  278.  Lecidea  varians,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  38. 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.  L.  versicolor,  Schwein.  in  Hals.  Lich.  N. 
Y.  I.  c.  7 

Smooth  bark ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey  ?  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  63 

23.  B.  quemea,  Fr.  Cr.  deliquescent,  granulose-farinose,  fuscescent- 
ochroleucous ;  hypoth.  black;  apoth.  immersed,  convex,  brown,  at 
length  immarginate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  279.    Lecidea,  Ach. 

Trunks ;  New  England. 

24.  B.  lucida,  Fr.  Cr.  granulate,  greenish-yellow,  at  length  deli- 
quescent and  ochroleucous  ;  hypoth.  white  ;  apoth.  (minute),  convex, 
pale  yellow,  often  excluding  the  paler  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  279. 
Lecidea,  Ach. 

Stones  and  decaying  wood.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

25.  B.  aurantiaca,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  uneven,  somewhat  gran- 
ulate, lutescent ;  innate  in  a  black  hypothallus ;  apoth.  somewhat  ele- 
vated on  a  thalline  stratum  which  constitutes  a  crenulate,  evanescent, 
spurious  margin,  disk  dark-orange  (and  fuscescent),  with  a  thin  proper 
margin.  Parmelia,  Fr.!  Lichenogr.  p.  165.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Borr.in 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  186.    Lecanora  salicina,  Ach. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  and  rocks ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

26.  B.fusco-lutea,  Hook,  (sub  Lecid.).  Cr.  thin,  effuse,  smooth, 
somewhat  granulose,  whitish ;  apoth.  somewhat  elevated,  plane,  yel- 
lowish, at  length  rufous-fuscous,  pruinose,  with  a  thin  margin.  Lecidea, 
Hook,  in  Rich.  I.  c.    Lichen  fusco-luteus,  Dicks.    E.  Bot.  t.  1007. 

Upon  mosses ;  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Fries  suspects  this  to  be  a 
state  of  B.  ferruginea.  It  does  not  seem  to  be  the  Lecidea  fusco-lutea, 
a,  of  Ach.  Syn. 

XVI.     LECIDEA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apolhecia  margined  at  first  by  a  very  black,  carbonaceous,  proper 
exciple,  becoming  scutelliform  or  hemispherical,  solid.  Disk  at  first 
punctiform-impressed,  always  open,  oftener  horny,  and  placed  upon  a 
carbonaceous  stratum.  Thallus  horizontal,  arising  from  a  hypothallus, 
somewhat  crustaceous,  effigurate,  or  uniform.  Apothecia  very  black 
from  the  first,  the  margin  never,  and  the  disk  rarely,  otherwise  col- 
ored.  Fr. 

Sect.  I.     Thallus  efiigurate  at  the  circumference,  or  wholly  rugose- 
plicate. 

1.  L.  Candida,  Ach.  Crust  rugose-plicate,  candicant,  becoming  at 
length  white-farinose,  lobed  at  the  circumference  ;  hypothallus  black  ; 


64  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES  ' 

apothecia  appressed,  obtusely  marginate,  glaucous-pruinose,  white  with- 
in.   Jr.  Lichenogr.  p.  285. 

On  the  earth  upon  mosses  ;  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

2.  L.  vesicularis,  Ach.  Cr.  bullate-plicate,  somewhat  caulescent, 
from  greenish  becoming  glaucous,  radiculose  at  the  base ;  apotli.  hee, 
peltate,  obtusely  marginate,  at  first  pruinose,  finally  convex,  naked  ; 
white  within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  286. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts ;  Arctic  America,  Rich. 

3.  L.  Wahlenbergii,  Ach.  Cr.  suborbicular,  gyrose-plicate,  round- 
lobed  at  the  circumference,  from  green  becoming  bright-yellow ;  hy- 
poth.  black ;  '  apoth.  arising  between  the  areolas,  obsoletely  marginate, 
naked,  black  within.'  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  291.  Icon,  Laur.  in  Sturm's 
Fl.  t.  28. 

Moist  sides  and  crevices  of  rocks  in  alpine  districts.  On  the  Great 
Haystack,  New  Hampshire,  infertile.    Arctic  America,  Rich. 

4.  h.  Jlavo-virescens,  Fr.  Cr.  determinate,  areolate-appressed,  pli- 
cate, lobulate  at  the  circumference,  from  greenish  becoming  yellow  ; 
apoth.  adnate,  with  a  thin  margin,  becoming  at  length  conve.x,  and  e.x- 
cluding  the  margin,  black  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  291.  L.  scabrosa, 
Ach.  Meth. 

On  the  earth  in  mountainous  districts,  often  in  company  with  Biatora 
Byssoldes  ;  White  Mountains.  According  to  Borrer  (in  Hook.  Br.  Fl. 
2,  p.  178),  L.  citrinella,  Ach.,  is  the  true  Lichen  flavo-virescens  of 
Dickson,  and  the  present  species  should  bear  the  name  given  it  by 
Acharius.     Compare  Fries,  1.  c. 

Sect.  II.    Thallus  effuse,  uniform. 

Subsect.  I.     AEEOLAT.a;,  Fr.     Crust  innate,  originally  areolate  or  be- 
coming so.    Hypothallus  black. 

*    S  axi  c  ol  <B. 

5.  L.  alio-cmrulescens,  Fr.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  from  bluish  be- 
coming whitish ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  crust,  margin  of  the  annu- 
lar exciple  thin,  disk  wa.xy,  black,  cerulescent-pruinose,  white  within. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  295.  L.  pruinosa,  Ach.  Ttickerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 
—  /?.  immersa,  Fr.  ;  cr.  very  thin,  whitish,  disappearing  ;  apoth.  small, 
oftener  immersed  in  the  rock.    Fr.  I.  c.    L.  immersa,  Ach. 

Rocks  and  stones,  especially  granite  and  mica-slate ;  New  England. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  65 

New  Yorlc,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  —  /?,  limestone  ;  New  York, 
Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  MuJtl. 

6.  L.  contigua,  Fr.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  glaucous-white  ;  apoth. 
produced  from  the  crust ;  disk  thick,  horny,  very  black,  at  first  glaucous- 
pruinose,  with  a  thick,  discrete,  plano-cupular,  obtusely  marginate,  car- 
bonaceous exciple.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  298. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite),  and  often  tinged  ochraceous  by  the  oxide 
of  iron,  in  the  mountains  of  New  England. 

7.  L.  variegaia,  Fr.  Cr.  at  length  areolate,  glaucescent ;  the  black, 
somewhat  fimbriate  hypothallus  here  and  there  prominent;  apoth.  pro- 
duced from  the  crust,  depressed,  at  first  and  often  persistently  glaucous- 
pruinose,  black  within  ;  disk  from  urceolate  becoming  explanate,  and 
dilated,  with  a  persistent,  at  first  thin,  coarctate,  at  length  obtusish  mar- 
gin.   Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  303. 

Maritime  granite  rocks  ;  Arctic  America,  Fries. 

8.  L.  lapicida,  Ach.  Cr.  at  length  areolate-verrucose,  from  glau- 
cous becoming  cinereous-white  ;  apoth.  superficial,  produced  from  the 
cortical  layer,  sessile,  not  pruinose,  horny  and  cinerascent-black  within, 
with  an  even,  naked  disk,  and  a  thin,  at  length  fle.xuous  margin  (or,  the 
margin  disappearing,  finally  confluent  and  irregular).  Fr.  Liche7iogr. 
p.  306. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite),  in  mountainous  districts  ;  New  England. 
New  York,  Halsey.      Pennsylvania,  Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  L.  atro-alba,  Ach.  Cr.  somewhat  areolate  (the  areote  commonly 
discrete,  verrucfeform),  opake,  fuscous,  and  grayish-white ;  apoth.  pro- 
duced from  the  hypothallus,  (small,)  the  obtuse  margin  scarcely  discrete 
from  the  naked,  at  length  somewhat  umbonate  disk.  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
p.  310. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite) ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
The  crust  variable,  and  often  nearly  obsolete. 

10.  L.  pancBola,  Ach.,  Fr.  Areolos  of  the  crust  verrucose,  gray, 
variegated  with  rufescent  tubercles  ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  hypo- 
thallus ;  exciple  cupular,  with  a  persistent,  obtuse  margin  ;  disk  always 
plane,  veiy  black,  cassious-pruinose,  white  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
314.  —  jS.  olscurala,  Fr.  ;  areolae  thinner,  applanate,  somewhat  con- 
tiguous, fuscescent.  Fr.  I.  c.  L.  olscurala,  Schar.  !  Spicil.  p.  130. 
Tuckerm.  Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

9 


66  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

Rocks  and  stones  in  mountainous  districts ;  White  Mountains. 

11.  h.  fusco-atra,FT.  Areolae  of  the  crust  cartilagineous,  applanate, 
olivaceous-fuscescent  and  fuscous,  angulate,  smooth  and  somewhat  pol- 
ished (or  becoming  dull  and  pallescent) ;  apoth.  produced  from  the 
hypothallus,  appressed  ;  disk  plane,  at  first  cinereous-pruinose,  at  length 
naked,  with  a  thin,  somewhat  acute,  at  length  flexuous  margin ;  but  the 
margin  disappearing  with  age,  and  the  apolhecia  often  finally  heaped 
and  conglomerate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  S16.  L.fumosa,  Ach.  L.  athro- 
carpa,  Ach. 

Eocks  and  stones  in  mountainous  districts.  New  England.  New 
York,  Hdlsey.     Arctic  America,  Bicli. 

12.  L.  conjlueiis,  Schser.  Cr.  rimose-areolate,  opake,  cinerascent- 
smoke-colored  ;  apoth.  produced  from  the  crust,  appressed,  somewhat 
contiguous  (often  confluent)  ;  margin  not  elevated,  obtusish  ;  disk  al- 
ways naked,  very  black,  within  cinerascent.  Schar. !  Spicil.  p.  144. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  318. 

Eocks  and  stones  in  mountainous  and  alpine  districts  ;  New  Eng- 
land.    New  York,  Hdlsey.     Arctic  America,  Rich.,  Hook. 

13.  L.  Morio,  Schser.  Areolae  of  the  crust  verrucose,  shining,  of  a 
yellowish-copper-color,  radiant  at  the  circumference  ;  apoth.  produced 
from  the  thick,  determinate,  black  hypothallus,  minute,  depressed, 
plane,  becoming  gyrose-plicate  with  age  ;  margin  thin  ;  disk  always 
naked,  black  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  319.  Schar.  Spicil.  p.  133. — 
/?.  coracina,  Schaer. ;  crust  (from  the  predominance  of  the  hypothal- 
lus) cinerascent-black.     Schar.  !  I.  c.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Eocks  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts ;  White  Mountains. 

14.  L.  geographica,  Schaer.  Cr.  of  somewhat  confluent,  bright-yel- 
low areolae;  apoth.  produced  from  the  hypothallus,  blackish  within; 
margin  of  the  cupular  exciple  thin;  disk  naked.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  226. 
Schar.  !  Spicil.  p.  124.  —  «.  atro-virens,  Schaer. ;  areolse  verrucasform, 
scattered  in  the  hypothallus;  apoth.  immixed.  Fr.  I.  c.  Schar.  I.  c. — 
^.  conligua,  Schaer. ;  areolae  applanate,  confluent  in  a  somewhat  contigu- 
ous, chinky  crust ;  apoth.  immersed.  Fr.  I.  c.  Schar.  I.  c.  — ;'.  alpicola, 
Schcer. ;  areolae  applanate,  coalescent  and  large,  somewhat  rugose,  inter- 
ruptedly covering  the  hypothallus;  apoth.  innate.   Fr.  I.  c.   Schcer.  I.  c. 

Rocks  and  stones  (granite  and  mica-slate),  in  alpine  and  subalpine 
districts,  and  at  lower  elevations,  in  the  mountains  of  New  England. 
Newfoundland,  Ptjlaie.     Northward  to  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  67 

•*     Cortical  (t. 

15.  L.  premnea,  Ach.  Cr.  glaucescent,  softish,  deliquescing  and 
leprous,  obliterating  the  hypothallus ;  apoth.  elevated ;  exciple  cupular, 
with  an  obtuse  margin ;  disk  horny,  very  opake,  and  obsoletely  black- 
pruinose,  white  within.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  329.  Palellaria  hucopla- 
ca,  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  2,  p.  347  (e  Fr.). 

Trunks  and  rails  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

16.  L.  parasema,  Fr.  Cr.  somewhat  leprous,  glaucescent,  becoming 
at  length  verrucose-areolate,  somewhat  limited  by  the  black  hypothal- 
lus ;  apoth.  sessile,  opake ;  exciple  cupular,  with  a  thin  margin ;  disk 
horny,  naked, verj'  black.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  330.  L,  punctata,  Floerk. ! 
D.  Lich.  n.  81.    Schmr. !  Hdv.  n.  197-199. 

Trunks,  and  degenerant  on  dead  wood  ;  New  England.  New  York, 
Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  A  most  com- 
mon and  widely  diffused  species,  but  all  black  apothecia  with  a  thin  or 
without  any  crust  are  not  to  be  referred  to  it.  Fr.  Compare  Borr.  in 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  176. 

17.  L.  enleroleuca,  Fr.  Cr.  at  first  contiguous,  glaucescent,  deli- 
quescing and  leprous,  somewhat  limited  by  the  black  hypothallus ; 
apoth.  adnate ;  exciple  annular,  with  a  thin  margin ;  disk  somewhat 
waxy  (often  hyaline  or  cerulescent),  whitish  within.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p. 
331.  —  ^.  olivacea,  Fr. ;  cr.  yellowish-virescent ;  apoth.  often  irregular 
and  rugose,  serugineous-black.    Fr.  I.  c.    L.  elaochroma,  Ach.  Syn. 

Trunks ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

Subsect.  II.    Granulosa;,  Fr.     Crust  at  length  becoming  somewhat 
granulose.     Hypothallus  white. 

18.  L.  sanguinaria,  Ach.  Granules  confluent  in  a  tartareous  crust, 
glaucescent ;  hypoth.  white  ;  apoth.  superficial,  naked,  at  length  con- 
vex ;  exciple  annular ;  disk  placed  upon  a  blood-red  stratum.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr. p.  335. 

Trunks,  decaying  wood,  and  stones,  in  mountainous  and  subalpine 
districts  ;  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

19.  L.  albo-atra,  Schaer.  Cr.  areolate-verrucose,  glaucous-white, 
often  somewhat  tartareous  and  mealy;  hypoth.  white;  apoth.  (small) 
innate-protuberant,  at  first  coronate  with  the  crust,  csesious-pruinose, 
coal-black  within,  with  a  thin,  evanescent  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 


68  LICHENES    or    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

336.    Schcsr.  Spicil.  p.  140.    Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  180.    L. 
corlicola,  Ach.  Syn. 

Trunks  on  the  coast  of  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl. 

20.  L.  dolosa,  Wahl.  Cr.  somewhat  verrucose,  greenish-glaucous, 
oftener  leprous  and  white;  apoth.  (minute)  depressed;  exciple  cupular, 
with  a  very  thin  margin  ;  disk  very  black,  nearly  naked,  often  punc- 
tate-scabrous, cinereous-blackish  within.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  337.  L. 
pinicola,  Sommerf.  Suppl.  Fl.  Lapp.  p.  153.  L.  pinicola,  Borr.  in 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  116  >    Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Scaly  bark  of  old  pines ;  New  England. 

21.  L.  mdancheima,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  areolate-verru- 
cose,  becoming  somewhat  lobulate,  glaucous-white,  confused  with  the 
hypothallus  ;  apoth.  appressed,  somewhat  plane,  disk  equalling  the  very 
thin  margin,  at  length  convex,  scarcely  excluding  the  margin,  very 
black,  polished,  and  shining. 

Trunks ;  and  very  common  on  rails  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts 
(Ipswich,  Mr.  Oakes,  Lynn,  Hingham,  &c.),  and  occurring  on  dead 
wood  at  the  White  Mountains.  Disk  sometimes  a  little  pallescent,  but 
the  margin  always  very  black. 

22.  L.  sahuletorum,  Fr.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  at  first  contiguous,  be- 
coming rimose-areolate,  granulate  and  somewhat  lobulate,  cinerascent 
or  fuscous,  confused  with  the  hypothallus  ;  apoth.  produced  from  the 
crust,  horny  ;  exciple  annular,  with  an  evanescent  margin ;  disk  naked, 
often  fuscescent.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  339.  Lichen  s.  Lecidea  muscorum, 
Auct.  quortmd. 

On  the  earth,  decaying  wood  and  mosses,  stones,  and  trees,  ascend- 
ing to  alpine  districts  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsyl- 
vania, Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

23.  L.  arctica,  Sommerf.  Granules  of  the  crust  cartilagineous,  at 
first  discrete,  papillseform,  persistent,  fuscescent-cinereous ;  apoth.  im- 
mixed,  somewhat  immarginate,  csesious-pruinose,  horny  and  cinerascent 
within.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  342.     Sommerf.  Suppl.  Fl.  Lapp.  p.  156. 

Upon  mosses  in  alpine  districts  ;  White  Mountains. 

24.  L.  milliaria,  Fr.  Granules  of  the  crust  at  first  discrete,  fuscous, 
and  cinEreous-white,  often  deliquescent  and  leprous ;  apoth.  produced 
among  the  granules,  globose,  somewhat  immarginate,  naked  ;  exciple 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  69 

cupular ;  disk  at  length  rugulose  and  tuberculate,  blackish  within.    Fr, 
Lichenogr.  p.  3-12. — «.  terresiris,  Fr.  —  jS.  soj-a/i'Zis,  Fr.  —  •/.  ligni- 
aria,  Fr. !    Lichen  dubius,  E.  Bot.  t.  2347  (e  JFV.).      L.  duhia,  Turn. 
4-  Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  176.     Tuckerm.  Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c. 
On  old  rails  (y),  common  ;  New  England. 


Tribe   III.     GRAPHIDACE^,    Fr. 

XVII.   UMBILICARIA,  Hoffm. 

Apothccia  superficial ;  an  originally  closed  thalline  exciple  convert- 
ed into  a  carbonaceous  proper  exciple,  becoming  more  or  less  open,  of 
various  form.  Disk  horny,  ascigerous,  at  length  chinky,  or  gyrose-pli- 
cate,  with  an  incurved  margin.  Thallus  horizontal,  carlilagineous,  fo- 
liaceous,  somewhat  monophyllous,  affixed  by  a  central  point. 

This  most  natural  genus  can,  perhaps,  still  be  retained  in  the  place 
given  it  in  the  Liclienographia  Europaa,  though  I  have,  in  pursuance 
of  Fries's  suggestion  (1.  c.  p.  347),  confirmed  by  all  the  observations 
that  I  have  been  able  to  make,  preferred  to  alter  the  generic  character, 
and  make  it  indicate  more  fully  the  relations  of  the  group.  It  appears 
to  me  as  analogous  to  Biatora  as  to  Sticta ;  and  as  the  former  genus  is 
considered  to  indicate  a  Lecideaceous  type,  irrespective  of  its  approxi- 
mations to  Parmelia,  so  Umbilicaria  may  perhaps  be  taken  as  typically 
representative  of  a  peculiar  (perhaps  properly  lirellseform,  or  Graphi- 
daceous)  type,  irrespective  of  the  approach  which  some  of  the  species 
make  to  the  characters  of  Parmeliacese. 

Sect.  I.    PATELLAT.E.    Apothecia  orbiculate-patellseform  ;  disk  at  length 
chinky,  plicate,  or  proliferous-papillate. 

1.  U.  mammulala,  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).  Thallus  membranaceous, 
smooth,  irregularly  round-lobed  and  somewhat  crenate,  fuscous-nigres- 
cent ;  on  the  under  side  very  black,  papillose-granulate,  and  fibrillose  ; 
apothecia  elevated,  orbicult^e;  maVgin  rather  thick;  disk  plane,  chinky, 
becoming  at  length  convex,  and  proliferous-papillate.  Gyrophora  mam- 
mulala, Ach.  Syn.  p.  67.     G.  mamiUata,  Muhl.  Cafal.  p.  105. 

Rocks.  Pennsylvania,  ilfu/jZ.  (North  Carolina,  il/;-.  Cwr^w  .')  Very 
distinct  from  the  ne.\t. 


70  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

2.  U.  Pennsylvanica,  Hofftn.  Th.  coriaceous-membranaceous,  pap- 
ulose, dark-fuscous  ;  on  the  under  side  papillose-granulate  and  nigres- 
cent ;  apoth.  elevated,  orbiculate  ;  margin  rather  thin  ;  disk  plane,  but 
becoming  at  length  convex,  chinky,  and  plicate.  Hoffm.  PI.  Licit.  3, 
J).  5,  Sf  t.  G9,  f.  1,  2.  Lecidea,  Ach.  Meth.  p.  86.  Gyrophora,  Acli. 
Lichenogr.  p.  227.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  67.  Hook,  in  Rich.  App.  Frcmkl. 
Narr.  p.  759.     U.  puslulata,  Michx.  !  Fl.  2,  p.  322,  non  Hoffm. 

Kocks.  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Halsey. 
New  England,  common,  and  fertile.     Canada,  Michaux  ! 

3.  v.  pustulata,Hofrm.  Th.  coriaceous,  papulose,  cinerascent;  on 
the  under  side  smooth,  and  reticulate-lacunose ;  apoth.  appressed,  or- 
biculate-patellfflform,  somewhat  simple  ;  margin  obtuse.  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
p.  351.  Hook..'  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  219.  Gyrophora,  Ach. —  ^.  papulosa, 
Tuckerm. ;  apoth.  at  length  subpedicellate,  irregularly  proliferous-pap- 
illate, excluding  the  margin.  Gyrophora  papulosa,  Ach.  Lich.  Univ. 
p.  226.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  67.  U.  lavis,  Pers.  {ex  Ach.).  Gyroph.  Imlla- 
ta,  Willd.  herb. .' 

Rocks,  a.  New  York,  Halsey.  — /S,  Nova  Scotia,  'used  for  dyeing 
reds  and  browns';  Gov.  Wentworth,  1795,  Herb.  Smith!  New- 
foundland, Bory  in  herb.  Kunth  !  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl.  !  New  England,  common  and  fertile,  and  ascending  to  alpine 
districts,  where  it  is  often  smaller,  thicker,  and  glaucous-pruinose.  /J 
does  not  seem  to  afford  any  constant  characters  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  European  Lichen  but  the  luxuriant  development  of  the  apotbecia. 
In  the  var.  papillata,  Hampe  !  a  Cape  of  Good  Hope  Lichen,  the  apo- 
tbecia are  papillate,  and  perhaps  also  by  a  proliferous  growth  of  the 
patellceform  apothecium  ;  but  this  variety,  though  in  other  respects  re- 
sembling ours,  is  distinct  from  it.  The  small,  fruticulose  tufts  almost 
characterizing  this  species  in  Europe,  which  I  have  also  observed  in 
the  Swedish  U.  vellea,  are  generally  wanting  in  the  American  plant, 
which  is  almost  always  normal  and  fertile. 

4.  U.  anihracina  (SchsEr.),  Fr.  Th.  coriaceous,  not  papulose,  black ; 
on  the  under  side  smooth  and  black-pruinose ;  apotli.  elevated,  orbicu- 
late-patellseform,  simple  ;  margin  tumid,  disk  somewhat  plane  and  even. 
Fr.  Summ.  Fl.  Scand.  U.  atro-pruinosa,  Scha:r.  in  Ser.  Mus.  {cit.Fr.). 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  351.  Lecidea,  Schxr. !  Spicil.  1,  p.  104.  Lichen 
anihracinus,  Wulf.  —  a  ;  th.  smooth  and  even  above.  Schcer.  I.  c.  Fr. 
I.  c. — /?.  tessellata,  Schser. ;  th.  above  finely  rimose-areolate  or  punc- 


AND    BRITISH    AMEKICA.  71 

tate-vernicose,  rugose  at  the  central  point.  Seller.  1.  c.  Fr.  1.  c.  — 
y.  reticuluia,  Schaer.  ;  th.  reticulate-rugose  above.    Schar,  I,  c.    Fr. 

1.  c. 

Rocks  in  alpine  districts.  «,  Newfoundland,  Bory  in  herb.  Willd.  ! 
—  y.  Bear  Lake,  and  elsewhere  in  Arctic  America,  Hook.!  (Parry's 
Sec.  and  Third  Voy.). 

5.  U.  ■polyphylla,  HofTm.  Th.  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  smooth, 
corrugated,  fuscous-black  ;  on  the  under  side  very  black  and  glabrous ; 
'  apoth.  sessile,  at  first  patellasform,  marginate,  becoming  at  length  con- 
vex, and  concentrically  plicate.'  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  352.  Gyrophora, 
Hook. !  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  217.  Lichen,  L.  Gyrophora  glabra,  Ach.  — 
(3.  deusta,  Fr. ;  th.  thinner,  furfuraceous-flocculose ;  somewhat  lacunose 
and  paler  on  the  under  side.  Fr.  1.  c.  Umbilicaria  deusta,  Hoffm. 
Gyrophora,  Ach.    Lichen,  L. 

Rocks  on  mountains;  a,  alpine;  —  (5,  descending.  White  Moun- 
tains, infertile.  Northward  to  Newfoundland,  Pylaie,  and  Greenland, 
Herh.  Banks .' 

6.  U.  prohoscidea,  DC,  Stenh.  Th.  submembranaceous,  reticulate- 
rugose,  olivaceous-fuligineous ;  on  the  under  side  pale  and  fibrillose  ; 
apoth.  somewhat  elevated,  orbiculate-patelteform,  becoming  at  length 
convex,  very  gyrose,  or  proliferous-papillate,  somewhat  excluding  the 
margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  354.     Gyrophora,  Ach.    Hook. !  Br.  Fl. 

2,  p.  219.  —  (5.  lomala,  Ach.  ;  th.  indurated,  complicated,  plicate-ru- 
gose ;  obsoletely  fibrillose  beneath.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  65.  Hook,  in  Rich. 
I.  c.  p.  758,  &  Icon,  t.  30,  f.  4.  — y.  arclica,  Ach. ;  th.  incrassated, 
rugose  ;  glabrous  beneath.    Ach.  I.  c.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks.  White  Mountains  ;  and  Chin  of  Mans- 
field in  the  Green  Mountains,  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic  America, 
Rich. 

7.  U.  cylindrica,  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).  Th.  subcoriaceous,  rigid, 
smoothish,  livid,  cinereous-pruinose,  ciliated  with  elongated,  rigid,  ra- 
mose, black  fibres  (or  naked) ;  on  the  underside  somewhat  pale-ochro- 
leucous ;  apoth.  pedicellate,  orbiculate-patelljeform,  plane,  becoming  at 
length  hemispherical,  gyrose-plicate,  scarcely  excluding  the  margin. 
Gyrophora  cylindrica,  Ach.  Hook.!  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  21S.  Lie/ten,  L. 
U.  prohoscidea,  /S,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  356. 

Alpine  rocks.    A  single  specimen  from  Bear  Lake,  Herb.  Hook. ! 


72  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

is  perhaps  referable  to  this  species,  which  has  escaped  notice,  but  prob- 
ably occurs  within  our  limits. 

8.  U. /tirsu/a,  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).  Th.  coriaceous,  softish,  pulver- 
ulent, cinerascent  and  white  ;  on  the  under  side  from  pale-fuscous  be- 
coming blackish,  very  hirsute  with  large,  softish,  at  first  pale,  branched 
fibres  (at  length  subfibriUose-scabrous  and  black) ;  apoth.  marginal,  ap- 
pressed,  becoming  patellfeform,  and  at  length  convex,  and  subglobose, 
gyrose-plicate,  with  a  thin  margin.  Gyrophora  hirsuta,  Ach.  !  Syn.  p. 
69.  U.  vellea,  y.  hirsuta,  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  358. —  /S.  depressa ;  th.  at 
length  rigid  ;  apoth.  somewhat  impressed,  plane,  with  a  thick  margin. 
U.  vellea,  (3.  depressa,  Fr.  I.  c.  V.  depressa,  /J.  spadochroa,  Scliar.  ! 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.  {sub  Gyroph.  spadochroa). 

Rocks.  Common  in  mountainous,  and  ascending  to  alpine  districts. 
New  England,  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.  The 
Nevsr  England  Lichen  does  not  appear  to  differ  from  those  of  Sweden 
and  Switzerland,  unless,  perhaps,  in  attaining  to  a  larger  size,  and,  like 
the  foreign  ones,  is  near  the  U.  vellea  of  Sweden,  which  differs  in  its 
tumid-marginate,  papillate  apothecia.  Of  the  last  species  I  have  not 
seen  American  specimens,  unless,  with  Schaerer,  and  in  accordance 
also  with  the  earlier  view  of  Fries,  we  consider  the  present  species  as 
a  variety  of  it. 

9.  U.  Dillenii,  Tuckerm.  Th.  coriaceous,  rather  rigid,  smooth,  from 
glaucous-fuscescent  becoming  dark-fuscous ;  on  the  under  side  black, 
and  closely  hirsute  with  short,  black,  crowded  fibres  (or  lacerate,  and 
papillose-scabrous)  ;  apoth.  convex,  at  first  orbiculate  and  concentri- 
cally plicate,  becoming  at  length  lirellale,  with  a  thin  (canaliculate) 
margin.  Lichenoides  coriaceum  lalissivio  folio,  SfC,  Dill.  Muse.  p. 
545,  4-  t.  82,  /.  5.     U.  vellea,  Michx. .'  Fl.  2,  p.  323,  ^  Aucl.  Amer. 

Rocks.  Paiqualian  Mountain,  New  Jersey,'  J.  Bartram  (Dill.). 
Canada,  Micliaux  !  Newfoundland,  Her  J.  iJ/o/j/ag-ne  .'  Pennsylvania! 
Muhl.  New  York,  Torrey.  Veiy  common  in  New  England,  and  fer- 
tile. The  apothecia  are  often  abortive  (very  small,  and  forming  some- 
times a  continuous  black  crust) ;  but  in  a  single  specimen  from  the 
White  Mountains  they  are  perfect,  and  agree  with  the  minute  descrip- 
tion in  Michaux,  whose  Lichen  was  certainly  the  same  with  that  of 
Dillenius.  The  species  is  widely  diffused  in  North  America,  and  pre- 
serves its  peculiar  features  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Allcghanies  of 
Pennsylvania  ;  contrasting  in  this  respect  with  the  more  limited  and 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  73 

northern  U.  hirsuta.  It  was  considered  certainly  distinct,  in  1841,  by 
Montagne.  Linnaeus  cites  the  figure  of  Dillenius  under  his  Lichen  vel- 
leus,  and  his  description  includes  also  U.  hirsuta,  the  differences  in  the 
apothecia  being  disregarded ;  but  the  specimen  that  I  saw  in  the  Lin- 
nsean  herbarium  was  the  L.  vellea  of  Sweden,  which  I  have  collected 
abundantly  in  that  country,  and  which  seems  to  me  very  distinct  from 
the  present. 

Sect.  II.  LiKELLAT^.  Apothecia  somewhat  lirellseform,  becoming  at 
length  angulate-patellate,  or  finally  crowded  together  in  a  hemispher- 
ical, subimmarginate,  lirellate  tubercle. 

10.  U.  hyperlorea,  Hoffm.  Th.  coriaceous-membranaceous,  papu- 
lose-rugose, dark-olivaceous-fuscous,  and  blackish  ;  on  the  under  side 
lacunose,  smooth,  and  fuscous-nigrescent ;  apoth.  appressed,  originally 
somewhat  lirelteform,  at  length  angular,  substellate-multiform,  plicate 
and  papillate,  with  an  apparent  margin.  Fr.  Lichcnogr.  p.  353.  Gy- 
rophora,  Acli.    Floerk.  !  Berl.  Mag.  cil.  Fr. 

Alpine  and  subalpine  rocks  (and  perhaps  a  flocculose  state,  /?.  deus- 
ta,  Enum.  Lich.  N.  Amer.,  descending).  White  Mountains  ;  Chin  of 
Mansfield  and  other  of  the  Green  Mountains,  fertile.  Arctic  America, 
Rich.  Eocky  Mountains,  Herb.  Hook. !  In  separating  this  section  of 
the  genus  from  the  other,  I  have  endeavoured  to  indicate  the  features 
of  difference  that  seem,  at  the  first  view,  to  distinguish  the  lirellate 
from  the  patellate  apothecia ;  but  I  am  uncertain  how  far  the  proposed 
characters  are  constant.  The  ternary  division,  incidentally  proposed 
by  Fries  (Lichenogr.  p.  349),  suggested  the  present;  but  my  present 
acquaintance  with  the  species  has  not  enabled  me  to  adopt  the  former 
entire. 

11.  U.  erosa,  Hoffm.  Th.  carlila<rineous,  rigid,  cribrose-reticulate, 
at  length  rugulose,  dark-fuscous-nigrescent  ;  on  the  under  side  papil- 
lose-granulate, subfibrillose-lacerate  in  somewhat  anastomosing  ridges, 
dark-fuscous  and  cinerascent ;  apoth.  originally  somewhat  lirellseform, 
at  length  patellate,  becoming  convex  and  gyrose-plicate,  and  finally 
substellate-multiform,  and  immarginate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  S5i.  Scliar.  ! 
Spicil.  p.  93. 

Alpine  rocks.  White  Mountains,  fertile:  Newfoundland,  Pylaie. 
Northward  to  Arctic  America,  R.  Br.,  Hook.  Northwest  Coast,  Men- 
zies  .' 

10 


74  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

12.  U.  Muhlenbergii,  Ach.  (sub  Gyroph.).  Th.  coriaceous-cartila- 
gineous,  somewhat  tacunose-reticulate,  olivaceous-fuscous  ;  on  the  un- 
der side  papillose-granulate,  lacerate  in  anastomosing  ridges,  fuscous- 
cinerascent ;  apolh.  somewhat  sunk,  originally  lirellseform,  at  length 
composite,  stellate-multiform,  crowded  finally  into  a  convex,  immargi- 
nate  tubercle.  Gyrophora,  Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  227.  Syn.  p.  67.  Hook, 
in  Rich.  I.  c.  p.  758.  —  (3.  alpina,  Tuckerm. ;  smaller,  thickened,  and 
complicated.    Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c. 

Rocks.  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. .'  New  York,  Halsey. 
New  England,  common  and  luxuriant  on  the  coast.  Northward  to 
Newfoundland,  Bory  in  herb.  Kunth !  and  Arctic  America,  Rich.  — 
(?,  alpine  rocks,  White  Mountains.  The  descriptions  by  Sprengel  (Syst. 
IV.  pp.  262,  263)  of  this  species  and  of  U.  Pennsylvanica  seem  to 
have  been  transposed. 

13.  U.  angulata,  Tuckerm.  Th.  coriaceous-cartilagineous,  very 
rigid,  smooth,  and  somewhat  polished,  becoming  dark-fuscous  and  ni- 
grescent ;  on  the  under  side  very  black,  papillose-granulate,  lacerate 
at  the  centre,  with  paler  fibres  ;  apoth.  somewhat  impressed,  originally 
sublirellaeform,  becoming  angulate-patellate,  lirellate,  and  at  length 
convex,  with  an  obtuse  margin. 

Eocks.  (California,  Menzies!)  Northwest  Coast,  Herb.  Hook.  ! 
Perhaps  nearest  to  U.  DiUenii,  the  apothecia  at  length  resembling  those 
of  that  species. 

XVIII.    OPEGRAPHA,  Humboldt. 

Apothecia  somewhat  lirellteform,  elongated,  margined  by  a  free, 
carbonaceous,  proper  e.xciple.  Disk  canaliculate,  at  first  closed  by 
the  inflexed-connivent  margin,  becoming  open,  indurated,  and  horny. 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

The  Graphidece  proper,  excluding  Umbilicaria,  constitute  a  peculiar 
subtribe,  which  attains  to  its  full  development  only  in  the  tropics ;  passing 
there  into  several  genera  not  found  elsewhere.  Eschweiler  (Systema, 
&  Lich.  Brasil.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.),  Chevallier  (Histoire  des  Graphi- 
dees),  and  Fee  (Essai  sur  les  Cryptogames  des  Ecorces  Exotiques  Of- 
ficinales) have  illustrated  these  genera,  which  are  probably  represented 
in  our  Southern  States,  where  also  several  remarkable  species  of  the 
present  genus,  inhabiting  the  South  of  Europe  and  extending  north  as  far 
as  the  warmer  parts  of  England  (Borrer),  may  be  expected  to  occur. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  iO 

Sect.  I.     Apothecia  superficial,  destitute  of  a  thalline  margin. 

1.  O.  varia,  Pers.,  Fr.  Crust  somewhat  leprous,  indeterminate 
(rarely  innate  in  the  matrix) ;  apothecia  superficial,  tumid  ;  margins  of 
the  entire  exciple  at  length  distant,  becoming  thin,  or  disappearing; 
disk  somewhat  plane,  at  first  subpruinose,  blackish  within.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  364.  O.  ajmliformis,  Sclutr.  !  Spicil.  1,  p.  50.  —  «.  pulicaris, 
Fr. ;  apoth.  rather  elliptical ;  disk  a  little  concave,  margin  inflexed.  Fr. 
1.  c.  O.  vulvella,  Ach.  —  ;?.  nolha,  Fr.  ;  apoth.  rounded  ;  disk  turges- 
cent,  and  often  obliterating  the  margin.  Fr.  I.  c.  OpegrapJia,  Ach. 
Graphis  curvula,  Ehrh.  Tuckerm.  Lick.  N.  E.  I.  c.  —  y.  signata,  Fr. ; 
apoth.  elongated  ;  disk  broad,  plane,  margin  evanescent.  Fr. !  I.  c. 
Opegrapha,  Ach.  Lichen  hehraicus,  Hoffm.  0.  cymbiformis,  var.  he- 
braica,  Schctr.  !  Spicil.  p.  330,  part.  — d.  diaphora,  Fr. ;  apoth.  elon- 
gated, both  ways  rather  attenuated ;  margin  somewhat  persistent.  Fr. 
I.  c.    Opegrapha,  Ach. 

Thick  bark  of  oaks  and  other  trees,  and  degenerant  on  dead  bark- 
and  wood,  and  stones  ;  New  England.  New  York  («  and  (5),  Hahey. 
Pennsylvania  («  and  /5),  Muhl. 

2.  O.  atra,  Pers.,  Duf.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix  ;  apoth.  emergent- 
superficial,  slender,  shining,  acute ;  margin  of  the  somewhat  entire  ex- 
ciple thin  ;  disk  linear",  canaliculate,  naked,  horny  within.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  366.  —  a.  slenocarpa,  Fr.  ;  apoth.  very  long,  semicylindrical, 
flexuous;  discrete,  or  reticulate-anastomosing,  or  maculceform  and  ir- 
regular. Fr.  I.  c.  Schar. !  Spicil.  p.  48.  0.  slenocarpa,  denigrata, 
vulgata,  (J*  epipasta,  a,  Ach.  —  ,3.  abhreviata,  Fr. ;  apoth.  abbreviated, 
irregular,  often  radiately  disposed.  Fr.  I.  c.  0.  depressa,  ^  0.  epi- 
pasta, y,  5,  Ach. — ;•.  viacularis,  Fr. ;  apoth.  dilated  into  somewhat 
Tadiate,  immarginate  maculae,  and  confluent.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  Arthonia  as- 
Iroidea,  ^  A.  Swartziana,  Ach.  —  d.  sidereUa,  Fr. ;  cr.  fuscescent ; 
apoth.  acute^  opake,  somewhat  innate  and  here  and  there  erumpent. 
Fr.  I.  c.  Opegaapha,  Ach.  O.  rufescens,  a.  rubella,  Schter.  !  Spicil. 
p.  50  (e  Fr.). 

Smooth  bark  of  trees  ;  New  England.  New  York  (a  and  y),  Halsey. 
Arctic  America  (O.  epipasta,  ;?),  Rich. 

3.  O.  herpelica,  Ach.,  Fr.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  at  length  erum- 
pent, and  verruculose  ;  apoth.  emergent,  elliptical  or  obtusely  lanceo- 
late, opake  (somewhat  ocellate  or  marginate  by  the  white  thalline  ver- 
rucse)  ;  margins  of  the  entire  exciple  thin;  disk  canaliculate,  naked. 


76  LICHENES    OF    THE     NORTHERN     STATES 

horny  within,  becoming  tumid,  and  covering  the  margin.   Fr.  !  Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  368. 

Bark  of  oaks,  and  other  trees,  New  England. 

4.  O.  abnormis,  Ach.  Cr.  thin,  softish,  white ;  apoth.  immersed, 
very  slender,  short  or  very  long,  flexuous,  confluent,  rugose-crisped, 
opake,  black  ;  disk  and  margin  somewhat  confluent  and  indistinct.  Ach. 
Syn.  p.  74. 

Hard  bark  of  trees  ;  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. ,  Ach.  A  mostly  tropical 
species  growing  on  Cascarilla,  and  other  bark. 

Sect.  II.    Graphis.    Apothecia  erumpent,  coronate  for  the  most  part 
with  a  thalline  margin. 

5.  O.  scripia,  Ach.,  Schser.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matri.x,  becoming  at 
length  exposed,  uneven,  and  pulverulent;  apoth.  immersed,  erumpent, 
with  a  raised  accessory  thalline  margin  ;  the  proper  margin  tenuescent, 
smooth  ;  the  disk  linear,  at  first  csesious-pruinose.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
370.  Schar.  !  Spicil.  p.  46.  —  a.  limitata,  Schasr.  ;  apoth.  emergent, 
scattered  irregularly,  various.  Fr.  I.  c.  Schar.  I.  c.  —  (J.  recta,  Schter. ; 
apoth.  immersed,  straight,  parallel,  disk  somewhat  dilated.  Fr.  I.  c. 
Schar.  I.  c.  O.  recta,  Himib.  0.  Cerasi  4"  letuligna,  Ach. — /..  ser- 
penlina,  Schser. ;  apoth.  immersed,  flexuous,  very  long,  the  thalline 
margin  tumid,  evanescent.    Fr.  I.  c.    Schcer.  1.  c.    0.  serpentina,  Ach. 

Bark  of  trees  ;  New  England.  New  York  («,  /?,  and  ;'),  Halsey. 
Pennsylvania  («  and  ;?),  Muhl. 

6.  O.  polymorpha.  Cr.  somewhat  pulverulent,  whitish-cinerascent 
or  very  white  ;  apoth.  somewhat  rounded  or  oblong,  irregular,  without 
apparent  proper  margin,  from  plane  becoming  tumid  and  elevated- 
punctate,  angulose,  repand,  or  somewhat  stellate-ramiilose,  csesious- 
pruinose,  with  a  more  or  less  conspicuous  thalline  margin.  Arlhonia 
polymorpha,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  7.  Fee  Crypt.  Exot.  p.  53.  Eschw.  Lich. 
Bras.  I.  c.  p.  111.     O.  Cascarillce,  Floerk.!  herb.  {Jide  ips.). 

North  America  (Pennsylvania  ?),  Muhl.  A  common  Lichen  of  Cas- 
carilla bark,  which  Eschweiler  (1.  c.)  has  illustrated  at  length.  The 
arrangement  of  Muhlenberg's  catalogue  leaves  it  probable  that  he  con- 
sidered it  to  occur  within  our  limits. 

7.  O.  inusia,  Ach.  (sub  Graph.).  Cr.  membranaceous,  somewhat 
rugulose,  pale-virescent,  decussated  by  black  lines  ;  apoth.  minute,  im- 
mersed, rather  short,  straight,  simple  or  somewhat  stellate-ramose,  ob- 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  77 

tuse,  plano-concave,  naked  ;  the  proper  margin  very  thin,  entire,  con- 
crete, with  a  thicker,  elevated,  thalline  margin.  Graphis  inusia,  Ach. 
Syn.  p.  85. 

Bark  of  Prinos  verticillata,  Canada,  Kalm.  (Ach.).  In  this  varia- 
ble genus,  long  observation  is  essential  to  any  correct  settlement  of  the 
species.     The  present  appears  to  be  wholly  unknown  here. 

XIX.     LECANACTIS,  Eschw. 

Apolhecia  immersed,  rounded-irregular  and  lirellscform,  always  open, 
the  cupular,  carbonaceous,  proper  e.xciple  connate  with  the  thallus, 
which  constitutes  sometimes  an  accessory  margin.  Disk  horny,  some- 
what plane,  never  connivent,  veiled  at  first  by  the  pruinose  thallus,  and 
bordered  by  the  erect  margin  of  the  e.xciple.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

L.  impolita,  Fr.  Cr.  tarlareous,  contiguous,  chinky,  glaucescent ; 
apolh.  immersed,  dilated,  maculreform,  obscurely  fuscous,  glaucous- 
pruinose.  Fr.  Siimm.  Fl.  Scand.  Artho?iia,  Borr.  in  E.  Bol.  Suppl. 
t.  '2692.  Parmelia,  Fr.  LicJienogr.  p.  183.  Lichen,  Ehrh.  Arthonia 
pruinosa,  Ach. 

Trunks.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


Tribe  IV.     CALICIACE^,  Fr. 

XX.     TRACHYLIA,  Fr. 

Apothecia  sessile,  discrete  from  the  thallus,  orbiculate.  Disk  some- 
what compact,  ascigerous,  margined  by  the  innate,  carbonaceous,  proper 
e.xciple,  or  the  exciple  obsolete.     Asci  oblong.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

This  genus,  for  which  I  am  not  able  to  furnish  a  complete  character, 
is  distinguished  from  the  other  genera  of  the  tribe  by  the  sporidia  being 
contained  in  asci.  Several  of  the  species  have  also  a  peculiar  habit, 
quite  different  from  that  of  the  true  Calicia. 

1.  T.  tigillaris,  Fr.  Crust  areolate-verrucose,  bright  greenish-yel- 
low ;  apothecia  innate  ;  the  disk  originally  naked,  black,  equalling  the 
tumid  margin.  CaUcium,  Turn.  4"  Borr.  Lich.  Bril.  p.  132.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  400.     Trachylia,  Fr.  Sumra.  Fl.  Sca7td. 

Old  rails  and  pales,  and  also  on  trunks.  New  England.  New 
York,  Halsey.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 


78  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

2.  T.  sligonella,  Fr.  Parasitical ;  exciple  cupular,  innate,  black ; 
the  disk  plane,  black-pulverulent,  equalling  the  thin,  erect,  black  mar- 
gin. Calicium,  Ach.  Syn.  Fr.  Lichenogr-  p.  401.  Trachylia,  Fr. 
Summ.  Fl.  Scand. 

(Crust  of  Pertusaria  pertusa,  var.  coccodes  ;  Fr.)  Pennsylvania, 
Muhl.     New  York,  Torrey. 

XXI.    CALICIUM,  Pers.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  crateriform  ;  a  carbonaceous  proper  exciple  margining  a 
compact  or  powdery  disk,  composed  of  coacervate,  naked  sporidia. 
Thallus  crustaceous. 

Escliweiler's  (Lich.  Bras.  1.  c.  p.  61)  reference  of  the  Calicia  to 
Fungi  seems,  so  far  as  I  can  venture  an  opinion  on  his  observations, 
hardly  satisfactory.  The  crustaceous  thallus,  though  often,  from  va- 
rious causes,  deficient,  exists  normally  in  every  species,  except  the 
parasitical  and  doubtful  C.  turbinatum ;  and  the  structure  of  the  e.xci- 
ple  connects  the  genus,  together  with  the  related  Trachylia  and  Coni- 
ocybe,  closely  with  Lecideaceee,  quasi,  to  use  Fries's  expression,  Le- 
cidinarum  degcneratio  pnxcipitala. 

Sect.  I.     Apothecia  stipitate. 

*     Glaucescentia,  Fr.     Exciple  more  or  less  whitish-cinere- 

ous-pruinose. 

1.  C.  viride,  Fers.  Crust  granulose,  yellowish-green  ;  stipes  some- 
what elongated,  black  ;  apothecia  turbinate-lentiform,  whitish-cinereous 
beneath ;  the  disk  plane.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  386. 

Decaying  wood  in  mountain  forests  ;  New  England. 

2.  C.  lenticulare,  Ach.  Cr.  somewhat  tartareous,  rugose-granulate, 
grayish-white  ;  stipes  straight,  thick,  rigid,  black  ;  apoth.  lentiform, 
whitish-cinereous  beneath  ;  the  disk  plano-convex.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p. 
386.  C.  clavcllum,  Turn.  4"  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  13S.  C.  clavicidare, 
Ach.  part.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1465. 

Decaying  wood,  common  in  mountain  forests  ;  New  England.  New 
York  (C.  claviculare),  Halsey.     Arctic  America  (C.  clavic).  Rich. 

3.  C.  curtum.  Turn.  &  Borr.  Cr.  filmy,  whitish;  stipes  short,  thick, 
firm,  very  black;  apoth.  turbinate-cylindrical,  with  a  coarctate,  whitish 
margin  ;  the  disk  becoming  at  length  protruded-prominent.    Turn.  ^- 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  79 

Bon:  Lich.  Brit.  p.  143.    Fr. !  Lichenogr.  p.  3S7.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t. 
2503. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  New  Hampshire  mountains.  The  protruded 
"disk  often  as  long  as  the  capitukuTi  itself,  and  in  the  latter  case  giving 
the  pilidium  a  miniature  resemblance  to  a  painter's  brush."  Lich.  Brit. 

4.  C.  subtile,  Pers.,  Fr.  Cr.  filmy,  leprous,  white-glaucescent ;  stipes 
filiform,  flaccid,  black  ;  apoth.  lentiform-globose,  naked, black  ;  the  mar- 
gin at  length  reflected.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  388.  C.  dehile,  Turri.  ^ 
Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  151.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  2462. 

Decaying  wood.  Dead  trees  from  which  the  bark  has  fallen  in 
mountain  forests  ;  New  England.  Arctic  America,  Rich.  Apothecia 
at  first  white-pruinose.    Fr. 

5.  C.  trichiale,  Ach.  Cr.  of  pale,  squamulose,  crenate  granules  ; 
stipes  commonly  slender,  elongated  ;  apoth.  turbinate,  and,  at  length, 
from  the  swelling  of  the  yellowish-brown  disk,  subglobose,  white-cine- 
reous beneath.     Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  389.     Schcer.  !  Spicil.  p.  5. 

Rough  bark  of  trees,  as  of  hemlock  ;  and  on  decaying  wood  ;  New 
England. 

**    F  us  c  e  s  c  en  t  i  a  ,  Ft.     Apothecia  more  or  less  ferrugineous. 

6.  C  phcBomelanum,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  of  scattered,  dissected  squa- 
mules,  green  (and  fuscescent) ;  apoth.  subsessile,  ferrugineous-fuscous, 
at  length  black  ;  the  powdery,  black  disk  at  length  surpassing  the  tu- 
mid, smooth  margin. 

Fir-bark  in  the  New  Hampshire  mountains,  common.  I  should  most 
readily  compare  this  with  Trachylia  tympanella,  Fr.,  from  which  it 
diSers  in  its  slightly  stipitate  apothecia,  Sec.  It  is  verj'  unlike  any  Eu- 
ropean Calicium  that  I  am  acquainted  with,  but  I  think  must  be  refera- 
ble to  the  genus. 

7.  C.  hyperellum,  Wahl.  Cr.  somewhat  tartareous,  granulose,  green- 
ish-j'ellow  ;  stipes  elongated,  thick,  firm,  dull  brownish-black ;  apoth. 
lentiform,  ferrugineous  beneath  ;  disk  brownish-black.  jFj-.  .'  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  3S9.  Turn.  ^  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  140.  Icon,  E.  Bot.  t. 
1832. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  mountains  of  New  England. 

8.  C.  trachelinum,  Ach.  Cr.  filmy,  somewhat  smooth,  grayish  ; 
stipes    elongated,   slender,    firm,   ferrugineous-fuscous,   becoming   at 


80  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

length  black;  apoth.  turbinate-lentiform,  rufous-femigineous  beneath, 
at  length,  together  with  the  disk,  blackish.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  390.  C. 
sphcerocepJialmn,  Turn.  ^-  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  153. 

Decaying  wood,  and  on  trunks  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey. 
The  stipes  sometimes  branched  in  this,  as  in  C.  subtile,  and  other  spe- 
cies. 

9.  C.  melanophcBum,  Ach.,  Fr.  Cr.  granulate-conglomerate,  milk- 
white  ;  stipes  rather  short,  black  ;  apoth.  turbinate-globose,  black  and 
shining  beneath,  as  is  also  the  infle.ved  margin;  disk  pulverulent,  fer- 
rugineous-brown  and  nigrescent.  Fr. .'  Lichenogr.  p.  391.  Sommerf. 
Lapp.  p.  179. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  New  Hampshire  mountains.  The  crust  de- 
ficient in  my  specimens,  but  the  apothecia  appear  to  me  like  those  of 
the  Swedish  Lichen.  Sommerfelt  remarks  that  he  has  gathered  it  but 
rarely,  and  is  uncertain  whether  it  is  any  thing  else  than  a  variety  of 
the  last,  to  which  Fries  also  originally  referred  it. 

10.  C.  hnnneolum.,  Fr.  Cr.  very  thin,  smooth,  whitish  ;  stipes  elon- 
gated, very  slender,  often  branched,  black  ;  apoth.  (small)  turbinate- 
globose,  dark-yellowish-ferrugineous  ;  the  disk  of  the  same  color,  oblit- 
erating the  margin  of  the  exciple.  Fr.  !  Lichenogr.  p.  393.  C.  pari- 
elimmi,  Schcer.  !  Spicil.  p.  4. 

Decaying  wood  in  the  mountainous  districts  of  New  England. 

***    Flavo-virescenlia,   Fr.     Apothecia  yellowish-pruinose. 

11.  C  chrysocephalum  (Turn.),  Ach.  Cr.  granulate-conglomerate, 
bright  greenish-yellow  ;  stipes  slender,  often  elongated,  black,  with  often 
a  greenish  tinge  ;  apoth.  turbinate-lentiform,  yellow-pruinose  ;  the  disk 
light-brown.  Tvrn.  ^- Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  143.  E.  Bot.  1.2201.  Fr.  ! 
Lichenogr.  p.  393. 

Rough  bark  of  hemlock  and  other  trees,  and  on  decaying  wood ; 
New  England. 

12.  C.  pJiaocephalum,  Turn.  &  Borr.  Cr.  of  discrete,  crowded,  at 
length  squamulose  and  crenate,  fuscescent  granules  ;  stipes  slender, 
blackish-fuscous  ;  apoth.  turbinate-lentiform,  greenish-yellow-pruinose  ; 
disk  dark-fuscous.  Turn.  4*  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  145.  J>.  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  394.  —  /5  ;  cr.  less  perfect.  Fr.  !  I.  c.  C.  roscidum,  /?.  Schcer.  ! 
Tuckerm.  Emim.  Lich.  N.  Anier.  p.  55.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1540. 

Decaying  wood  (jS),  Arctic  America,  Rich.  (Herb.  Hook.  !). 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  81 

Sect.  II.     Apothecia  sessile;  without  crust;  parasitical. 

13.  C.  turbinatum,  Pers.  Parasitical;  e.xciple  from  globose  becom- 
ing turbinate,  sessile,  free,  shining-black,  the  disk  impressed,  with  a 
thickish,  inflexed  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  402.  C.  sessile,  DC. 
Turn.  6f  Borr.  Lick  Brit.  p.  128.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  2520. 

On  the  crust,  and  in  the  verrucas  of  Pertusaria  pertusa,  Ach.  New 
England.     New  York,  Torrey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

XXII.    CONIOCYBE,  Fr. 

Apothecia  stipitate,  spherical,  suberose,  without  margin,  bursting  at 
the  ape.x  and  becoming  at  length  entirely  pulverulent,  and  concealing 
the  proper  exciple.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

C.  nigricans,  Fr.  Crust  very  thin,  leprous,  white  ;  stipes  naked, 
from  whitish  becoming  black  ;  apothecia  globose,  naked,  black.  Fr. 
Liclienogr.  p.  SS4. 

Rough  bark  of  hemlock  and  rock-maple  ;  New  England.  It  is  with 
hesitation  that  I  refer  our  plant  to  the  European  species,  though  it  ap- 
pears to  agree  with  a  specimen  from  Flotow.  The  genus  is  at  once 
distinguishable  from  the  other  genera  of  the  tribe,  and  several  other 
species,  as  C.  furfuracea,  with  yellow-pulverulent  apothecia,  and  C. 
pallida,  with  pale,  white-pruinose  apothecia,  not  improbably  occur 
with  us. 


Div.  II.     ANGIOCARPI,    Schrad.,    Fr. 

Tribe  I.     SPH^ROPHORACEiE,  Fr. 

XXIII.     SPHiEROPHORON,   Pars. 

Apothecia  terminal,  spherical,  the  thalline  exciple  at  first  closed,  be- 
coming at  length  lacerate-dehiscent.  Nucleus  globose,  within  cottony- 
carlilagineous,  without  powdery  with  naked,  black  sporidia.  Thallus 
vertical,  fruticulose,  crustaceous-cartilagineous  without,  solid  within. 

1.  S.  compressum,   Ach.      Thallus   fruticulose,  whitish,  irregularly 
branched,  compressed,  fibrillose-ramulose;  apothecia  globose-depressed, 
11 


82  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

at  length  disciform,  with  a  reflexed  margin.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  404. 
Turn.  8f  Borr.  Licit.  Brit.  p.  1 15.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1 14. 

Rocks  and  on  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  Canada,  fertile,  Herb. 
Hook. !    Arctic  America  !  Rich. 

2.  S.  ghbiferum  (L.),  DC.  Th.  fruticulose,  somewhat  terete,  with 
erectish,  fibriUose-ramulose  branches,  chestnut ;  apoth.  globose,  with 
an  inflexed  margin.  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  Lichen  glohiferus,  L.  S.  Coralloi- 
des,  Pers.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  405.  Turn.  ^  Borr.  Lich.  Brit.  p.  110 
{excl.  (S).    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  115. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  and  subalpine  districts  ;  and  descending, 
northward.  White  Mountains,  fertile.  Eastport,  Maine,  Russell ! 
Newfoundland,  Pylaie.     Arctic  America,  Hook.  ! 

3.  S.  fragile,  Pers.  Th.  densely  csespitose,  fruticulose,  dichoto- 
mously  branched,  somewhat  cinereous  ;  branches  terete,  fastigiate,  na- 
ked ;  apoth.  turbinate-globose,  with  an  inflexed  margin.  Fr.  Lichenogr. 
p.  405.    Schar.  !  Spicil.  p.  7.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  2474. 

Alpine  rocks.  White  Mountains,  fertile.  Northward  to  Arctic 
America,  Hook.     Rarely  somewhat  compressed. 


Tribe  II.     ENDOCARPACE^,  Fr. 

XXIV.     ENDOCARPON,  Hedw. 

Apothecia  included  in  the  thallus,  globose  ;  a  membranaceous,  thin, 
pale  thalline  exciple  inclosing  a  gelatinous,  colored,  deliquescent  nu- 
cleus ;  ostioles  somewhat  prominent.  Thallus  horizontal,  cartilagine- 
ous-foliaceous,  subpeltate. 

1.  E.  minialum,  Ach.  Thallus  cartilagineous-coriaceous,  rigid,  pale- 
yellowish-fulvescent,  becoming  cinerascent  and  glaucous-pruinose  ;  on 
the  under  side  naked,  at  length  somewhat  rugose,  fulvescent,  at  length 
black ;  ostioles  somewhat  prominent,  fuscous-nigrescent.  Fr.  Lichen- 
ogr. p.  'iOS. —  /?.  complicatum,  Schter. ;  ca:spitose-polyphyllous  ;  lobes 
ascendant,  imbricate  and  complicate,  cinereous  ;  on  the  under  side 
dark-fuscous.    Schar.  !  Spicil.  p.  59.    Fr.  I.  c. 

Rocks.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic  Ameri- 
ca, iitc/j. —  (S,  near  water,  New  England.    New  York,  ifa/sey.    Fries, 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  83 

as  well  as  Sprengel,  refers  E.  gtaucum,  Acli.  (North  America,  Ach.), 
to  the  variety  «  of  the  present  species.  I  have  not  found  this  variety, 
but  the  next  species  is  near  to  it. 

2.  E.  Muhlenhergii,  Ach.  Th.  cartilagineous-coriaceous,  thick, 
from  greenish-orlaucous  becoming  fuscescent,  very  finely  rugose  and 
somewhat  chinky  ;  on  the  under  side  fuscous-black ;  ostioles  convex. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  101. 

Rocks.  North  America,  Ach.  West  Point,  New  York,  Russell ! 
(Cf.  Ach.  Syn.  pp.  101,  103.) 

3.  E.  Jluvialile,  DC.  Th.  cartilagineous-membranaceous,  flaccid, 
lobed,  green,  becoming  fuscescent  when  dry  ;  lobes  rounded,  somewhat 
auriculate-lobulate,  on  the  under  side  naked,  reficulate-rugulose,  pale- 
fuscous,  becoming  black  ;  ostioles  somewhat  prominent,  black-  Fr. ! 
Lichenogr.  p.  409.  E.  miniatum,  y.  aquaticum,  Schcer.  I  Spicil.  p.  60. 
jE.  Weberi,  Ach.  —  /?.  fulvo-fusaim,  Tuckerm.  ;  th.  thick,  subcoria- 
ceous,  submonophyllous,  with  auriculate-lobulate,  somewhat  infle.\ed 
margins,  fuscous-fulvescent ;  on  the  under  side  reticulate-rugose,  dark- 
fulvous-fuscous  becoming  black  ;  ostioles  scarcely  prominent,  dark-red- 
dish nigrescent. 

Rocks  (granite),  suffused  with  water;  New  England.  New  York, 
Halsey.  Newfoundland,  Pylaie.  — /S,  alpine.  Lake  of  the  Clouds, 
White  Mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  five  thousand  feet.  Fries  re- 
marks, in  comparing  the  present  species  with  E.  miniatum,  «,  that 
monophyllous  specimens  of  the  former  are  always  minute  ;  but  in  /5 
these  occur  nearly  as  large  as  average  specimens  of  the  latter.  The 
very  brief  indication  given  by  Persoon  (Act.  Wetterav.)  of  his  E. 
Americanum  answers  to  our  variety. 

4.  E.  pusillum,  Hedw.  Th.  cartilagineous,  squamulose-foliaceous, 
smooth,  brownish-olivaceous,  pale  on  the  under  side,  arising  from  a 
black,  fibrillose  hypothallus  ;  ostioles  black,  somewhat  prominent,  per- 
tuse.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  411.  E.  Hedwigii,  Ach.,  ^  E.  lachneum  4* 
squamulosiim,  Ach.  (e  Fr.). 

On  the  earth,  and  rocks,  especially  of  the  more  recent  formations. 
Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  New  York,  Halsey.  Apparently  wanting  in  the 
granite  region  of  New  England. 

5.  E.  latevirens,  Turn.  Th.  thin,  membranaceous,  irregularly  orbic- 
ular, somewhat  concave,  round-lobed,  grass-green,  margins  very  entire, 


84  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

inflexed,  the  under  side  white  at  the  edges.    E.  viride,  Ach.    Verruca- 
ria  latevirens,  Borr.  in  E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2658. 

On  the  earth  in  alpine  districts.  White  Mountains.  Arctic  Ameri- 
ca, Rich.  The  apothecia  are  unknown,  and  the  plant  is  a  very  doubt- 
ful member  of  the  present  genus.  Fries  regards  it  a  metamorphosis 
of  the  squamules  of  Cladonia. 

XXV.  SAGEDIA,  Ach.,  Fr. 

Apothecia  included  in  the  thallus,  globose  ;  nucleus  gelatinous,  de- 
liquescent, and,  as  well  as  the  membranaceous,  thin  exciple,  becoming 
at  length  blackish  ;  ostioles  discrete,  attenuated  into  a  thin  neck,  and 
dilated  at  the  apices,  pertuse.     Thallus  horizontal,  subcrustaceous. 

S.  cinerea,  Fr.  Crust  cinereous,  at  length,  pruinose,  somewhat  foli- 
aceous  at  the  circumference  ;  on  the  under  side  spongy,  black  ;  osti- 
oles superficial,  spheroidal.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  413.  Endocarpon,  Pers. 
E.  iephroides,  «  ^  jS,  Ach.  Syn. 

(On  the  earth.  Fr.)  New  York  (rocks),  HaZsey.  We  have  perhaps 
a  Sagedia,  on  rocks,  in  New  England. 

XXVI.  PERTUSARIA,  DC. 

Apothecia  verrucEeform,  formed  from  the  thallus,  including  (1  —  00) 
naked,  waxy-gelatinous,  colored  nuclei.  Thallus  crustaceous,  often 
passing  into  soredia  and  isidia. 

1.  P.  pertusa,  Ach.  (sub  Porina).  Crust  cartilagineous,  glaucous- 
white;  apothecia  depressed-hemispherical,  irregular;  ostioles  depressed, 
discrete,  the  perfect  ones  black-papillate.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  420.  Po- 
rina  pertusa,  Ach.  Lichen  pertusus,  L.  Perlusaria  communis,  DC. 
—  *  sorediifera;  crust  sterile,  sorediiferous.  Fr.  I.  c.  Variolaria  sp. 
Ach. —  **  coccodes  ;  crust  isidioid,  papillose-ramulose.  Fr.l.  c.  Isi- 
dium  coccodes,  Ach.  — /S.  areolata,  Fr. ;  crust  thicker,  rimose-areolate, 
verrucose,  often  sterile  and  sorediiferous.  Fr.  I.  c.  Variolaria  Flo- 
fowiana,  Floerk. .'  —  /.  leucosloma,  Fr.  ;  apothecia  with  white  ostioles, 
the  black  papillfE  deficient.  Fr.  I.  c.  Porina  lexicosloma,  Ach.  — 
S.  leioplaca,  Fr. ;  crust  very  smooth  ;  apothecia  imperfect,  chinky-de- 
hiscent.    Fr.  I.  c.    Porina  leioplaca,  Ach. 

Trunks  and  dead  wood; — .?,  stones  ;  New  England.  New  York 
(a,  y,  and  8),  Halsey.     Pennsylvania  («  and  (5),  Muhl. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  85 

2.  P.  faginea.  Cr.  tartareous-cartilagineous,  cinereous-white,  the 
circumference  zonate,  often  thin,  polished,  and  somewhat  bluish  ;  apoth. 
hemispherical,  bursting  into  mealy  soredia.  Lichen  faguieus,  L.  Sf 
And.  (e  JFV.).  Variolaria  muJtipuncta,  Turn,  in  Linn.  Trans.  9,  p. 
127,  t.  10,/.  1.  V.  faginea,  Floerk. .'  P.  sorediata,  Fr.  —  i3.  orhi- 
culata;  apoth.  lax,  esplanate;  the  nuclei  e.tpanded  into  a  submembra- 
naceous,  denudate,  flesh-colored  disk,  which  at  length  falls  out,  leaving 
the  sorediiform  verrucse.  P.  communis,  ^.  sorediata,  c.  orhiciilala,  Fr. 
Lichenogr.  p.  422.  Variolaria  faginea,  communis,  ^  corallina,  Auct. 
var. 

Trunks,  dead  wood,  rocks,  and  stones  ;  New  England  and  westward. 
New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  Arctic  America,  Rich. 
The  Variolarise  have  been  illustrated  most  largely  by  Turner  and  Bor- 
rer,  in  the  Lichenographia  Britannica,  and  by  the  first-mentioned  au- 
thor in  the  Linncean  Transactions.  That  they  are  sorediiferous  states 
of  various  crustaceous  Lichens  has  been  shown  at  great  length  by 
Me^'er,  Wallroth,  and  Fries,  and  this  view  is  confirmed  by  the  observa- 
tions of  Eschweiler  and  of  Schserer.  To  the  present  species,  and  the 
last,  most  of  our  common  Variolarice  are  to  be  referred. 

3.  P.  papillafa,  Ach.  (sub  Porina).  Cr.  smooth,  chinky,  whitish  ; 
apoth.  convex,  hemispherical ;  ostiole  solitary,  elevated,  papillaeform, 
with  a  rufescent  pore.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  111. 

Trunks.     New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

4.  P.  glohilaris,  Ach.  (sub  Porina).  Cr.  of  very  numerous,  subglo- 
bose,  and  ramulose,  glaucescent  granules;  apoth.  (infrequent)  globose, 
smooth,  with  a  solitary,  impressed,  punctiform,  black  ostiole.  Ach. 
Syn.  p.  112. 

Upon  mosses,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.,  Ach. 

5.  P.  hymenia.  Cr.  cartilagineous,  pale-sulphureous  or  grayish,  bor- 
dered by  a  black  line ;  apoth.  hemispherical-depressed,  with  a  solitary, 
depressed  ostiole,  or  more  often  dehiscent,  marginate,  and  somewhat 
scutelliform,  the  discoid  centre  black-dotted.  Turn.  Sj-  Borr.  Lich.  Brit, 
p.  185,  sui  Thelotr.  Lichen  hymenius,  Ach.  Prodr.  P.  Wulfenii,  DC. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  424.    Porina  fallax,  Ach.  Syn. 

Trunks.    New  England.    New  York,  Halsey.    Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


86  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 


Tribe  III.     VERRUCARIACEiE,  Fr. 

XXVII.     CONOTREMA,  Tuckerm. 

Perithecia  mostly  solitary,  horny,  black,  at  first  pertuse,  becoming 
at  length  open,  with  a  coarctate,  inflexed  margin,  including  a  depressed 
nucleus,  which  is  elevated  at  the  centre  into  a  somewhat  marginate 
disk.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

C.  urceolalum,  Tuckerm.  Crust  thin,  smooth,  rugose-rimose,  glau- 
cous-white, bordered  by  a  black  line  ;  perithecia  scattered,  at  first  cov- 
ered by  the  crust,  finally  superficial,  conoidal,  white- pruinose.  Lecidea 
iirceolata,  Ach.  Lichenogr.  p.  671.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  27.  Pyrenula  ente- 
roleuca,  Spreng.  in  Hals.  Lich.  N.  Y.  I.  c.  Thelolrema  enteroleuca, 
Schwein.  in  Hals.  I.  c.  Verrucaria  enteroleuca.,  Spreng.  Syst.  4,  p.  243. 
Tuckerm.  Lich.  N.  E.  I.  c.    Icon,  Hals.  I.  c.  t.  1,  /.  1. 

Trunks.  North  America,  Sioartz.  {ex  Ach.).  Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 
in  herb.  Willd. !  New  York,  Halsey.  New  England,  very  common. 
Probably  the  Lecanora  urceolata  of  Muhl.  Catal.,  but  the  above-cited 
specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Willdenow  is  without  name.  The  Li- 
chen appears  to  me  an  aberrant  form  of  the  present  tribe.  Thelotre- 
ma  ?  atratum,  Fee  Crypt.  Exot.  t.  13,  f.  4,  seems  to  be  distinguished 
from  Thelotrema  precisely  as  the  present  genus  (passing  over  the  other 
essential  differences)  is,  by  its  black  proper  exciple,  but  the  structure 
of  the  nucleus  in  the  former  plant  removes  it  from  ours. 

XXVIII.     VERRUCARIA,  Pars. 

Perithecia  hemispherical-globose,  solitary,  horny,  black,  closed,  with 
a  simple  or  papillceform  ostiole ;  becoming  sometimes  at  length  subscu- 
telliform,  or  rarely  inclosed  in  a  thalline  verruca.  Nucleus  gelatinous, 
hyaline,  deliquescent.     Thallus  crustaceous. 

*  Saxicola.  Crust  somewhat  tartareous^ 
1.  V.  rwpes^m,  Schrad.  Crust  tartareous-compact,  contiguous,  whit- 
ish ;  perithecia  (small)  entire,  globose,  somewhat  sunk,  umbonate  with 
the  naked  ostiole,  at  length  collapsing  and  scutelliform ;  nucleus  hya- 
line. Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  436.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  152.  V.  Schi-aderi, 
Ach.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1711,  /.  2. 

Rocks  and  stones  (limestone).     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  87 

2.  V.  elceochroa,  Tuckerm.  Cr.  applanate,  rimose-areolate,  oliva- 
ceous ;  perith.  with  a  wide  base,  globose,  emerging  and  conical  at  the 
apex,  becoming  at  length  depressed  and  umbilicate. 

Rocks  (limestone),  Ohio,  Mr.  Lea  !  Apparently  related  to  V.  elaei- 
na,  Borr.  (E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2623,  f.  2),  and  V.  olivacea,  Fr.  (Lichen- 
ogr.  p.  43S),  but  very  different  from  V.  olivacea,  Pers.  (Borr.  1.  c.  t. 
2596,  f.  1),  which  is  a  bark-Lichen. 

3.  V.  nigrescens,  Pers.  Cr.  somewhat  gelatinous-tartareous,  chinky, 
fuscous-nigrescent,  within  white ;  perith.  entire,  globose,  covered  by  the 
crust  and  verrucose-prominent,  subpapillate  ;  nucleus  whitish.  Fr.  Li- 
chenogr.  p.  43S. 

Eocks  and  stones  (limestone).  New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

4.  V.  umbrina,  Wahl.  Cr.  verrucose-granulate,  or  sraoothish,  from 
fuscescent  at  length  dark-brown  ;  perith.  entire,  globose,  somewhat 
prominent  above  the  crust,  papillate.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  441. 

Eocks  and  stones  (granite),  near  water  ;  New  England.  We  have 
doubtless  other  sa.xicoline  species,  but  they  occur  often  in  imperfect 
states,  and  are  easily  overlooked.  I  have  an  alpine  Verrucaria,  with 
large  perithecia,  from  the  White  Mountains,  but  the  crust  is  deficient. 

**   Cortical  a.     Crust  innate  in  the  matrix,  often  deficient. 

5.  V.  nitida,  Schrad.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  smooth,  greenish, 
olivaceous,  or  fuscous  ;  perith.  entire,  covered,  becoming  at  length 
somewhat  prominent,  persistent,  ostioles  subpapillate ;  nucleus  fluxile. 
Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  443.    Borr.  in  E.  Bot.  Suppl.  t.  2607,  f.  1. 

Trunks ;  the  hue  varying  with  the  different  epidermis  of  the  matrix ; 
New  England.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  V.  composita,  Schwein.  in  Hals. 
Lich.  N.  Y.  1.  c.  p.  9,  has  apothecia  clustered,  forming  dark  spots,  but 
I  have  not  been  able  to  find  in  my  specimens,  which  agree  apparently 
with  the  description,  any  constant  characters  to  separate  it  from  the 
present. 

6.  V.  alha,  Schrad.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  becoming  at  length 
denudate,  white  ;  perith.  subglobose,  entire,  denudate,  persistent,  im- 
mersed at  the  base,  ostiole  papillate,  or  pertuse.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  444. 
—  ^  ;  cartilagineous,  smoothish  ;  perith.  smaller.  Fr.  I.  c.  V.  glabra- 
ta,  Ach. 

Trunks.     New  England.     Perithecia  prominent. 

7.  V.  gemmata,  Ach.     Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix,  effuse,  smoothish, 


88  LICHENES    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES. 

white-hoary  ;   perith.  hemispherical,  dimidiate   (not  immersed  at  the 
base),  persistent ;  nucleus  whitish.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  444. 
Trunks.     New  England.     New  York,  Halsey. 

8.  V.  epidermidis,  Fr.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix  or  obsolete ;  perith. 
dimidiate,  the  base  patent,  innate-superficial,  at  length  collapsing,  and, 
together  with  the  nucleus,  applanate-depressed.  Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  447. 
—  «  ;  perith.  larger,  orbiculate.  Fr.  I.  c.  V.  analepta,  Ach.  —  ^ ;  pe- 
rith. larger,  elliptical.  Fr.  I.  c.  V.  Cerasi  ^  epidermidis,  Ach.  — 
y;  perith.  small,  punctiform  (with  the  habit  of  the  next  species).  Fr. 
I.  c.     V.  sligmatella,  Ach.  part. 

Trunks,  mostly  on  smooth  bark  ;  New  England,  and  westward. 
New  York  («  and  ^),  Halsey.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

9.  V.  punctiformis,  Pers.  Cr.  innate  in  the  matrix  or  obsolete  ;  pe- 
rith. innate-superficial,  semiglobose,  subdimidiate,  the  base  infle.xed ; 
nucleus  globose.    Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  447.     V.  sligmatella,  Ach.  pari. 

Trunks  on  smooth  bark  ;  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Penn- 
sylvania, Muhl.     Arctic  America,  Rich. 

10.  V.  pulla,  Ach.  Cr.  smoothish,  blackish-fuscous ;  perith.  minute, 
hemispherical,  glabrous,  subpapiUate,  black  within.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  83. 

Bark  of  Dirca  palustris,  Ach.,  who  compares  it  with  V.  carpinea, 
which  is  referred  to  the  last  species  by  Fries. 


Tribe  IV.     LIMBORIACEiE,  Fr. 

XXIX.     PYRENOTHEA,  Fr. 

Perithecia  round,  carbonaceous,  closed,  pertuse  at  length  with  a  sim- 
ple ostiole,  and  protruding  the  somewhat  gelatinous,  bursting  nucleus, 
finally  dehiscent,  explanate,  and  empty.  (A  disciferous  state  occurs  in 
a  single  species.)     Thallus  crustaceous. 

P.  leucocephala,  Fr.  Crust  smooth,  glaucescent ;  perithecia  subglo- 
bose,  naked,  black,  coronate  with  the  white,  persistent,  globuliform  nu- 
cleus. Fr.  Lichenogr.  p.  450.  —  ^.  Lecidina,  Fr.  ;  crust  somewhat 
leprous  ;  disk  dilated-scutelliform,  rigescent,  covered  for  the  most  part 
with  a  dense  pale-yellowish-cinereous  bloom.  Fr.  I.  c.  Lecidea  able- 
Una,  Ach. 

Trunks  (/?),  Arctic  America,  Rich. 


COLLEMACEiE. 


Filamentous,  or  foliaceous  gelatinous-conglutinate  plants  without  dis- 
crete layers.  Sporidia  included  in  asci,  and  immersed  in  a  thalamium, 
which  is  contained  either  in  a  thalline  exciple  or  a  proper  exciple. 

Several  genera  are  included  here  formerly  referred  to  Lichenes,  but 
separated  by  Fries,  and  with  other  genera  constituted  a  distinct  family, 
intermediate  between  Lichenes  and  aquatic  Algse.  Collema  and  Lep- 
togium  may  be  said  to  have  the  thallus  of  Phyceae  with  the  apothecia 
of  Lichenes,  and  Ephebe  is  considered  by  Fries  nearly  related  to  the 
Byssi . 

Synopsis. 

Tribe   L      COLLEMEjE,   Fr.  —  Thallus   gelatinous-conglutinate, 
caulescent  or  foliaceous. 

1.  Collema.     Apothecia  scutelliform,  with  a  thalline  exciple. 

2.  Leptogium.    Apothecia  scutelliform,  with  a  proper  exciple. 
Tribe  II.      EPHEBIDEjE.  —  Thallus  filamentous,  not  gelatinous. 

3.  Ephebe.     Apothecia  scutelliform,  with  a  thalline  exciple. 


Tribe  I.     COLLEMEJ:,  Fr. 

I.    COLLEMA,  Hoffm. 

Apothecia  at  first  subglobose,  becoming  at  length  discoid-open  and 
scutelliform,  with  a  thalline  exciple.  Thallus  corneous-gelatinous, 
somewhat  pulpy,  of  a  moniliform-filamentous  texture,  variously  lobed. 

*    Thallus  imbricate-plicate,  becoming  thick  and  turgid  when  wet. 

1.  C.  pulposum,  Ach.  Thallus  thick,  suborbicular,  very  compact, 
blackish-green,  of  numerous,  somewhat  imbricate,  plicate,  rather  entire 
or  repand-crenate,  erectish  lobes,  those  of  the  circumference  larger, 
somewhat  appressed  ;  apothecia  somewhat  crowded,  slightly  concave, 
rufous,  with  an  elevated,  irregular  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  311.  Schcer.f 
12 


90  COLLEMACEa:    OP    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

Spicil.  2,  p.  538  {sub  Parmelia).   C.  crislalum,  Borr.  in  Hook.  Br.  Fl. 
2,  p.  208.     Icon,  Wulf.  in  Jacq.  Coll.  3,  p.  139,  t.  12,  /.  1. 

Upon  rocks,  among  mosses.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  I  have  not  ob- 
served this  species  in  the  granite  region  of  New  England. 

2.  C.  plicaiile,  Ach.  Th.  thick,  orbicular,  black-green ;  lobes  ru- 
gose-plicate, ascending,  laciniate  ;  apoth.  concave,  of  nearly  the  same 
color  with  the  thallus,  with  a  thick,  elevated  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  314. 
Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  209.  Schar.  Spicil.  2,  p.  543  {stib  Parmelia). 
Exs.  Schleich.  !  Lich.  Helv. 

Eocks  (limestone,  Schser.),  New  York,  Russell !  I  have  seen  only  a 
small  fragment,  but  it  appears  to  belong  to  this  rather  than  to  the  pre- 
ceding species. 

3.  C.  tenax,  Ach.  Th.  rather  thick,  suborbicular,  glaucous-green, 
of  somewhat  plane,  rounded,  cut,  or  crenate  lobes ;  apoth.  scattered,  at 
first  urceolate,  becoming  rather  elevated,  concave,  rufescent,  with  a 
somewhat  entire  margin.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  314.  —  (?.  pallescens,  Ach.; 
th.  yellow-virescent,  pale  beneath,  the  lobes  irregular,  densely  compli- 
cated, irregularly  crenate,  ascending  ;  apoth.  submarginal.    Ach.  I.  c. 

Rocks  among  mosses,  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  !  New  York,  Spreng.! 
The  cited  specimens  belong  probably  to  the  variety  (S  of  Acharius,  but 
were  not  considered  to  differ  from  a  by  Floerke. 

4.  C.  fasciculare,  Ach.  Th.  suborbicular,  imbricate-plicate,  olive- 
green,  the  lobes  dilated  upward,  waved,  those  of  the  circumference 
rounded,  cut-crenate  ;  apoth.  marginal,  at  length  elevated-subpedicel- 
late,  fasciculate,  the  disk  somewhat  convex,  rufous.  Ach.  Syn.  p.  317. 
Fr.!  Lich.  Suec.  50.    Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  1162. 

Trunks  and  rocks,  New  England.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

5.  C.  pustulatum,  Ach.  Th.  substellate,  lacerate-laciniate,  the  la- 
cinise  expanded,  plane,  irregularly  crenate,  besprinkled  above  with  paler 
pustules  which  pass  at  length  into  apothecia  ;  disk  punctiform,  black. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  351.    Parmelia  leucoderrna,  Willd.  herb.  7 

Upon  mosses.  North  America,  Ach.,  who  says  it  is  a  minute  species, 
very  distinct  from  the  last.  Pennsylvania  (P.  leucoderrna,  Willd.), 
Muhl.  ! 

6.  C.  granulatum,  Hook.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  corru- 
gated, granulated  on  both  sides,  imbricate-complicate,  blackish-olive, 
the  lobes  somewhat  rounded,  waved  and  crisped,  rather  entire  ;  apoth. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  91 

scattered,  sessile,  blackish-fuscous,  margin  entire.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  p.  2, 
211.  Lichen  granulatus,  Huds.  (e  Hook.).  Colhma  furvtim,  Ach. 
Exs.  Schar.  !  Lich.  Heh>.  413,  414.    Icon,  E.  Bol.  t.  1757. 

Stones  and  trunks.  New  England.  New  York,  Hdlsey.  Pennsyl- 
vania ?  Muhl. 

••    Thallus  thin,  foliaceous,  gelatinous-membranaceous,  lobed  princi- 
pally at  the  circumference. 

7.  C.  melcmum,  Ach.  Th.  foliaceous,  somewhat  stellate,  blackish- 
green,  the  lobes  elongated,  radiant,  multifid,  with  elevated,  waved  and 
crisped,  crenate  margins  ;  apoth.  submarginal,  somewhat  plane,  at  length 
rufescent,  with  a  subgranulate  margin.  Ach.  !  Syn.  p.  315.  —  /S.  jaco- 
haifolium,  Ach. ;  lacinise  narrow,  strict,  lacerate-pinnatifid  ;  apoth.  mar- 
ginal, with  an  entire  margin.   Ach.  I.  c.    Exs.  Schar.  !  Lich.  Helv.  422. 

Rocks  among  mosses  and  trunks.     New  England. 

8.  C.  palmatum,  Ach.  Th.  csspitose-pulvinate,  brownish-green,  of 
crowded,  erectish,  palmate-divided,  somewhat  linear  and  terete  laciniae ; 
apoth.  rufous-fuscous.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  319. 

On  the  earth,  and  trunks.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 

9.  C.  nigrescens,  Ach.  Th.  somewhat  monophyllous,  membrana- 
ceous, expanded,  round-lobed,  rugose-plicate,  olivaceous-nigrescent; 
costate-lacunose  beneath  ;  apoth.  (minute)  central,  crowded,  at  length 
convex,  rufous-fuscous,  with  a  very  entire  margin.  Ach.  Sy/i.  p.  321. 
Hook.  Br.  Fl  2,  p.  211.    Exs.  Schar.  !  Lich.  Heh.  410. 

Eocks  and  trunks.  New  England.  New  York,  Halsey.  Pennsyl- 
vania, Muhl. 

10.  C.  Jlaccidum,  Ach.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  smooth, 
flaccid,  blackish-green  ;  lobes  somewhat  ascending,  rounded,  rather  en- 
tire, undulate-plicate ;  apoth.  scattered  (small),  somewhat  plane,  rufous. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  322.  Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  211.  Exs.  Schcer.  !  Lich.  Helv. 
412. 

Rocks  and  trunks.     New  England. 

11.  C.  tUTueforme,  Ach.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  somewhat 
rugose,  blackish-green,  besprinkled  with  fuliginous  powder;  lobes  ob- 
long, deeply  cut,  sinuate-laciniate,  obtuse,  flexuous,  crisped,  subcrenate  ; 
apoth.  scattered,  somewhat  plane,  fuscous,  with  a  very  entire  margin. 
Ach.  Syn.  p.  322. 


92  COLLEMACE^    OF    THE    NORTHERN    STATES 

Rocks  (especially  limestone,  Ach.).  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  in  herb. 
Willd.  !  The  specimen  appeared  to  me  to  agree  with  an  original  one 
from  Acharius.  Schserer  refers  the  species  to  C.  flaccidum.  It  is 
said  to  occur  in  Massachusetts. 

12.  C.  pulchellum,  Ach.  Th.  membranaceous,  orbicular,  plane, 
somewhat  laciniate,  round-lobed  at  the  circumference,  plicate-papulose 
and  dark-green  above,  beneath  paler  and  deeply  lacunose  ;  apotb. 
crowded,  elevated,  the  disk  urceolate,  pale,  the  margin  thin,  coarctate, 
very  entire,  at  length  somewhat  rugulose.    Ach.  Syn.  p.  321. 

Trunks  and  rocks.  New  England.  Pennsylvania,  Muhl.  !  Ohio, 
Mr.  Lea  ! 

13.  C.  saturninum,  Ach.  Th.  rosulate,  blackish-green,  glaucous 
and  subtomentose  beneath,  the  lobes  broad,  oblong,  rounded,  waved, 
very  entire  ;  apoth.  scattered,  somewhat  plane,  rufous,  with  a  thin,  en- 
tire margin.  Ach.  Syn. p.Z2Q.  Hook.  Br. Fl.  2, p. 211.  Exs.  Schar.  ! 
Helv.  423. 

Trunlcs  and  stones.  New  England.  Arctic  America,  JlicA.  I  have 
omitted  several  species  of  this  genus,  which  require  more  observation. 

II.    LEPTOGIUM,   Fr. 

Apothecia  rounded,  becoming  discoid-open  and  scutelliforra,  some- 
what pedicellate,  with  a  proper  exciple.  Thallus  gelatinous-membra- 
naceous,  subdiaphanous,  texture  cellulose. 

1.  L.  Tremelloides,  Fr.  Thallus  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  very 
thin  and  somewhat  diaphanous,  smooth  on  both  sides,  or  powdery  above, 
lead-colored  ;  lobes  oblong,  rounded,  very  entire  ;  apothecia  scattered, 
elevated,  plane,  rufous-fuscous,  with  a  paler  margin.  Fr.  Fl.  Scan.  p. 
293.     Collema,  Ach.    Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  ;;.  213. 

Rocks  and  trunks,  New  England.  New  York,  Torrey.  Pennsylva- 
nia, Muhl. 

2.  L.  lacerum,  Fr.  Th.  foliaceous,  membranaceous,  very  thin  and 
somewhat  diaphanous,  glaucous-fuscescent,  the  lobes  small,  subimbri- 
cate,  lacerate-laciniate,  denticulate-ciliate  ;  apoth.  (small)  scattered, 
subsessile,  somewhat  concave,  rufous,  with  a  paler  margin.  Fr.  !  Fl. 
Scan.  p.  293.     Collema,  Ach.    Hook.  Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  213. 

On  the  earth,  and  rocks,  among  mosses.  New  England.  New 
York,  Halsey.     Pennsylvania,  Muhl. 


AND    BRITISH    AMERICA.  93 

3.  L.  Burgessii,  Fr.  Th.  membranaceous,  subimbricate,  glaucous- 
fuscescent,  somewhat  spongy  and  downy  beneath,  the  lobes  rounded, 
sinuate-laciniate,  crisped  and  minutely  lacerate-dentate  at  the  margins  ; 
apolh.  depressed ;  disk  somewhat  concave,  fuscous,  with  an  elevated, 
lacerate-dentate  or  foliose  margin.  CoUema,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  320.  Hook.  ! 
Br.  Fl.  2,  p.  211.     Icon,  E.  Bot.  t.  300. 

Trunks.     Mountains  of  New  England. 


Tribe  II.     EPHEBIDE^. 

III.    EPHEBE,  Fr. 

Apotbecia  formed  from  the  thallus,  from  concave  becoming  plane, 
and  at  length  convex,  black,  the  margin  evanescent.  Thallus  filamen- 
tous, not  gelatinous. 

E.  puhescens,  Fr.  Thallus  decumbent,  softish,  terete,  black,  the 
branches  entangled,  capillaceous ;  apothecia  of  the  same  color.  Fr. 
Fl.  Scan.  p.  294.  Cornicularia,  Ach.  —  /?.  Jibrillosa,  Ach. ;  thallus 
obscurely  fuscous,  smoothish,  very  delicate,  branched,  somewhat  hir- 
sute with  numerous,  flexuous,  branched,  subclavate  fibres.  Cornicula- 
ria puiescens,  var.  Jibrillosa,  Ach.  Syn.  p.  302. 

Rocks  and  stones ;  —  a,  in  alpine  districts.  Greenland,  Di'ZZ.  White 
Mountains.  —  /S,  North  America,  Ach. 


4 


